deps(all): update gRPC to v1.82.1

[asddongmen]

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #12779

TiFlow master selects gRPC v1.79.3, below the v1.82.1 fixed version for GHSA-hrxh-6v49-42gf. The other reported vulnerable modules were already updated by #12769.

What is changed and how it works?

• Update google.golang.org/grpc to v1.82.1.
• Refresh only the transitive module closure required by Go minimal version selection.
• Keep the diff limited to root go.mod and go.sum.

Check List

Tests

• Unit test: GOPROXY=https://proxy.golang.org,direct make unit_test
• Unit test: GOPROXY=https://proxy.golang.org,direct make dm_unit_test
• Manual test: GOPROXY=https://proxy.golang.org,direct make build
• Manual test: GOPROXY=https://proxy.golang.org,direct make check

Questions

Will it cause performance regression or break compatibility?

No expected regression. This changes only module metadata, and the full build and unit suites pass.

Do you need to update user documentation, design documentation or monitoring documentation?

No.

Release note

Upgrade gRPC to address a known security vulnerability.

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