diff --git a/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/CMakeLists.txt b/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/CMakeLists.txt
index b55e00f59a6..0e7a3d5e2ee 100644
--- a/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1116,6 +1116,17 @@ if(BUILD_TESTING)
         set_tests_properties(agc_unchanged_cpu_stamps PROPERTIES ENVIRONMENT_MODIFICATION
             "PATH=path_list_prepend:$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:libc>")
     endif()
+    foreach(mode IN ITEMS map ring shared uncached)
+        add_test(NAME agc_collect_mapping_history_${mode} COMMAND agc_driver_recorder_tests --collect-mapping-history-only)
+        set_tests_properties(agc_collect_mapping_history_${mode} PROPERTIES SKIP_RETURN_CODE 77 TIMEOUT 30)
+        if(WIN32)
+            set_tests_properties(agc_collect_mapping_history_${mode} PROPERTIES ENVIRONMENT_MODIFICATION
+                "PATH=path_list_prepend:$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:libc>")
+        endif()
+    endforeach()
+    set_tests_properties(agc_collect_mapping_history_ring PROPERTIES ENVIRONMENT "APS5_NO_EPOCH_COLLECT_MAP=1")
+    set_tests_properties(agc_collect_mapping_history_shared PROPERTIES ENVIRONMENT "APS5_SHARED_COLLECT_MEMO=1")
+    set_tests_properties(agc_collect_mapping_history_uncached PROPERTIES ENVIRONMENT "APS5_NO_COLLECT_MEMO=1")
     add_test(NAME agc_storage_kept_unit_settle COMMAND agc_driver_recorder_tests --kept-unit-settle-only)
     set_tests_properties(agc_storage_kept_unit_settle PROPERTIES SKIP_RETURN_CODE 77 TIMEOUT 30)
     if(WIN32)
@@ -1870,6 +1881,13 @@ if(BUILD_TESTING)
             endif()
         endforeach()
     endforeach()
+    add_test(NAME agc_driver_array_layer_target_cpu COMMAND agc_driver_array_layer_target_tests)
+    set_tests_properties(agc_driver_array_layer_target_cpu PROPERTIES
+            ENVIRONMENT "ANYPS5_NO_SHADER_CACHE=1;APS5_NO_HOST_IMPORT=1" TIMEOUT 30 SKIP_RETURN_CODE 77)
+    if(WIN32)
+        set_tests_properties(agc_driver_array_layer_target_cpu PROPERTIES ENVIRONMENT_MODIFICATION
+                "PATH=path_list_prepend:$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:libc>")
+    endif()
     foreach(preparedMode IN ITEMS indirect uncached debug debug_failure deferred deferred_undecodable registered_workgroup registered_workgroup_sync lazy lazy_sync)
         set(preparedTest "agc_driver_prepared_shaders_${preparedMode}")
         if(preparedMode STREQUAL "indirect")
diff --git a/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Execution/src/GuestMemory.cpp b/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Execution/src/GuestMemory.cpp
index d0859ab0610..7088ff6aae3 100644
--- a/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Execution/src/GuestMemory.cpp
+++ b/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Execution/src/GuestMemory.cpp
@@ -797,6 +797,7 @@ struct WriteTracker {
         std::uintptr_t end = 0;
         std::uint64_t epoch = 0;
         std::uint64_t unwatched = 0;
+        std::uint64_t mapping = 0;
     };
     std::array<Memo, 256> memo{};
     std::size_t nextMemo = 0;
@@ -1184,19 +1185,20 @@ std::uint64_t collectWrites(std::uint64_t address, std::size_t bytes, bool memoi
     // must not differ between them.
     const auto epoch = currentCollectEpoch();
     const auto unwatched = unwatchSerial.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+    const auto mapping = GuestAllocations::GuestAllocationsGeneration_nid_postfix();
     const bool useMemo = memoized && collectMemoEnabled() && bytes != 0;
     if (useMemo && !sharedCollectMemo()) {
         // An entry exists only for a completed walk of an in-arena range, so the tracker is
         // initialized and watched; nothing below the lock needs asking.
         if (epochCollectMapEnabled()) {
             const auto& map = epochCollectMap(epoch);
-            if (const auto found = map.ranges.find(first); found != map.ranges.end() && found->second.unwatched == unwatched && stop <= found->second.end) {
+            if (const auto found = map.ranges.find(first); found != map.ranges.end() && found->second.unwatched == unwatched && found->second.mapping == mapping && stop <= found->second.end) {
                 collectMemoHits.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
                 return tracker.generation.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
             }
         }
         for (const auto& entry : threadCollectMemo.entries) {
-            if (entry.epoch == epoch && entry.unwatched == unwatched && entry.begin <= first && stop <= entry.end) {
+            if (entry.epoch == epoch && entry.unwatched == unwatched && entry.mapping == mapping && entry.begin <= first && stop <= entry.end) {
                 // The current generation, not the memoized one: blocks stamped since (MarkWritten, an
                 // overlapping collect) were written before this caller reads, and an older value would
                 // make every later UnchangedSince fail until the epoch ends.
@@ -1211,7 +1213,7 @@ std::uint64_t collectWrites(std::uint64_t address, std::size_t bytes, bool memoi
     auto cursor = first;
     if (useMemo && sharedCollectMemo()) {
         for (const auto& entry : tracker.memo) {
-            if (entry.epoch == epoch && entry.unwatched == unwatchSerial.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) && entry.begin <= cursor && stop <= entry.end) {
+            if (entry.epoch == epoch && entry.unwatched == unwatchSerial.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) && entry.mapping == mapping && entry.begin <= cursor && stop <= entry.end) {
                 collectMemoHits.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
                 return tracker.generation;
             }
@@ -1232,12 +1234,12 @@ std::uint64_t collectWrites(std::uint64_t address, std::size_t bytes, bool memoi
     // Only a completed walk is remembered; a failed one (uncommitted pages) returned 0 above.
     if (collectMemoEnabled()) {
         const auto serial = unwatchSerial.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
-        if (sharedCollectMemo()) tracker.memo[tracker.nextMemo++ % tracker.memo.size()] = {first, stop, epoch, serial};
+        if (sharedCollectMemo()) tracker.memo[tracker.nextMemo++ % tracker.memo.size()] = {first, stop, epoch, serial, mapping};
         else {
-            threadCollectMemo.entries[threadCollectMemo.next++ % threadCollectMemo.entries.size()] = {first, stop, epoch, serial};
+            threadCollectMemo.entries[threadCollectMemo.next++ % threadCollectMemo.entries.size()] = {first, stop, epoch, serial, mapping};
             if (epochCollectMapEnabled()) {
                 auto& entry = epochCollectMap(epoch).ranges[first];
-                if (entry.unwatched != serial || entry.end < stop) entry = {first, stop, epoch, serial};
+                if (entry.unwatched != serial || entry.mapping != mapping || entry.end < stop) entry = {first, stop, epoch, serial, mapping};
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Execution/src/VulkanDevice.cpp b/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Execution/src/VulkanDevice.cpp
index 62afeaea77b..582c5b48095 100644
--- a/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Execution/src/VulkanDevice.cpp
+++ b/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Execution/src/VulkanDevice.cpp
@@ -3038,8 +3038,9 @@ bool VulkanDevice::PresentDisplayBuffer(const DisplayBuffer& buffer) {
             // walk: the collect memo is per worker packet, so on this thread a memoized answer could
             // miss a CPU write that landed after a worker's walk of the same range.
             GuestMemory::CollectWritesUncached(buffer.address, bytes);
-            if (!GuestMemory::UnchangedSince(buffer.address, bytes, resident->Generation()) || (buffer.dccAddress != 0 && ResidentKeysMoved(*resident))) {
-                resident->Refresh();
+            if (!GuestMemory::UnchangedSince(buffer.address, bytes, resident->GenerationFor(buffer.address, bytes)) || (buffer.dccAddress != 0 && ResidentKeysMoved(*resident))) {
+                if (resident->ImageLayers() > 1) resident->RefreshLayers(layer, 1);
+                else resident->Refresh();
                 ++refreshedPresents;
             }
             ++residentPresents;
diff --git a/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Graphics/include/ShaderResources.hpp b/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Graphics/include/ShaderResources.hpp
index 89a05894c19..bcf1d6632e2 100644
--- a/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Graphics/include/ShaderResources.hpp
+++ b/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Graphics/include/ShaderResources.hpp
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ bool CompletePendingCpuWrites(const Context& context, std::uint64_t address, std
 // The cached storage image of a surface (render targets use it as their resident image); brought up
 // to date with guest memory before it is returned.
 std::shared_ptr<StorageTexture> CachedStorageSurface(const Context& context, const GuestTextureResource& resource);
+std::shared_ptr<StorageTexture> CachedStorageLayers(const Context& context, const GuestTextureResource& resource, std::uint32_t firstLayer, std::uint32_t layerCount);
 // Whether `image` is still the storage cache's image of its surface (what CachedStorageSurface
 // would return); a true answer counts as a use for the cache's eviction order, as a lookup would.
 bool StorageImageCached(const Context& context, const StorageTexture* image);
diff --git a/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Graphics/include/Texture.hpp b/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Graphics/include/Texture.hpp
index dfe074f738d..27ef571bfb4 100644
--- a/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Graphics/include/Texture.hpp
+++ b/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Graphics/include/Texture.hpp
@@ -332,6 +332,7 @@ class StorageTexture : public std::enable_shared_from_this<StorageTexture> {
     // validates textures copied from this image.
     std::uint64_t Version() const { return version; }
     std::uint64_t Generation() const { return generation; }
+    std::uint64_t GenerationFor(std::uint64_t address, std::uint64_t bytes) const;
     // The DCC keys the content was uploaded under and the last scan of the surface's keys
     // (ProvedClearKeys): Refresh's own key rule for the fast revalidation. Under
     // GuestMemory::GpuMutex only, as Refresh is; never from a build's stage A.
@@ -346,6 +347,7 @@ class StorageTexture : public std::enable_shared_from_this<StorageTexture> {
     // was still current (nothing uploaded).
     // Keeps the image current with guest memory (see GuestMemory::CollectWrites).
     bool Refresh();
+    bool RefreshLayers(std::uint32_t first, std::uint32_t count);
     static std::uint64_t SinglePassMoves();
     static std::uint64_t RefreshesProved();
     static std::uint64_t UntrackedCompares();
@@ -357,9 +359,8 @@ class StorageTexture : public std::enable_shared_from_this<StorageTexture> {
     StorageTexture(const Context& context, TextureDetiler& detiler, const GuestTextureResource& descriptor, std::uint32_t mipLevel);
     // The regions of every array layer, or of the tracked layers `layers` selects.
     std::vector<VkBufferImageCopy> CopyRegions(const std::vector<bool>* layers = nullptr) const;
-    // Uploads the surface, or only the tracked layers `layers` selects (the direct path; the others
-    // upload everything).
     void upload(const std::vector<bool>* layers = nullptr);
+    std::vector<bool> cpuUploadLayers(const std::vector<bool>& units) const;
     void captureGuestBytes(const std::vector<bool>* layers);
     bool originalHolds(std::uint64_t address, std::size_t bytes) const;
     bool compareUntracked(std::uint64_t address, std::size_t bytes, std::span<std::uint8_t> changed, bool memoize = false) const;
@@ -454,7 +455,10 @@ class StorageTexture : public std::enable_shared_from_this<StorageTexture> {
     // layer generation (the whole-surface fast check), `dirty` whether any layer is pending.
     std::uint64_t layerBegin(std::uint32_t layer) const { return descriptor.baseAddress + static_cast<std::uint64_t>(layer) * trackedLayerBytes; }
     bool anyLayerPending() const;
+    bool refresh(std::uint32_t firstLayer, std::uint32_t lastLayer);
+    void noteLayersBehind(std::uint32_t firstLayer, std::uint32_t lastLayer, const std::vector<bool>& outside);
     void refreshGeneration();
+    std::uint64_t collectedLayerGeneration(std::uint32_t layer, std::uint64_t whole, bool uncached = false) const;
     bool refreshProved();
     void takeRefreshProof(bool aliased);
     bool otherPendingOverlaps() const;
@@ -530,7 +534,13 @@ class StorageTexture : public std::enable_shared_from_this<StorageTexture> {
     std::uint64_t sliceLinearBytes = 0;
     SurfaceGeometry geometry;
     std::vector<std::byte> original;
-    mutable std::array<std::uint64_t, 5> comparedGuestBytes{};
+    struct ComparedRange {
+        std::uint64_t address = 0;
+        std::size_t bytes = 0;
+        std::array<std::uint64_t, 5> stamp{};
+    };
+    mutable std::array<ComparedRange, 4> comparedRanges{};
+    mutable std::uint32_t nextComparedRange = 0;
     std::vector<std::byte> generationBaseline;
     // DCC keys the image content was uploaded under: a fast-cleared surface starts as its clear value.
     DccKeys uploadedKeys = DccKeys::Uncompressed;
@@ -556,6 +566,7 @@ class StorageTexture : public std::enable_shared_from_this<StorageTexture> {
     std::uint64_t trackedLayerBytes = 0;
     std::vector<std::uint64_t> layerGeneration;
     std::vector<bool> layerPending;
+    std::vector<bool> layerBehind;
     bool blockUnits = false;
     // Write-back hysteresis (block units, see writeBack): partial stores in the current window of
     // presents, its first present, and the present until which every pending unit is stored.
diff --git a/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Graphics/src/Draw.cpp b/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Graphics/src/Draw.cpp
index 5993201d607..3f2c3510d5a 100644
--- a/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Graphics/src/Draw.cpp
+++ b/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Graphics/src/Draw.cpp
@@ -2030,7 +2030,7 @@ void Draw(const Context& context, const State& state, const Pm4::DrawParameters&
                     Require(color.dccAddress == 0 && color.cmaskAddress == 0 && AttachmentProxyFormat(context, color.format) == VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED, "a slice of a 2D array color target with DCC, CMASK or an attachment proxy has no resident array image");
                     const auto array = ArraySurfaceForTarget(color);
                     Require(color.surfaceAddress == color.arrayAddress + color.arraySlice * DescribeSurface(array).layerBytes, "the array image's layer pitch differs from the color view's slice offset");
-                    auto resident = CachedStorageSurface(context, array);
+                    auto resident = CachedStorageLayers(context, array, color.arraySlice, 1);
                     Require(resident->Attachable(), "storage format cannot be a color attachment");
                     return resident;
                 }
@@ -2623,7 +2623,8 @@ DrawRecipeOutcome DrawWithRecipe(const Context& context, const State& state, con
         auto stored = recipe.targets[index].lock();
         if (stored == nullptr || !StorageImageCached(context, stored.get()) || !StorageImageServesKeys(*stored, state.colors[index].dccAddress)) return miss(DrawRecipeMiss::TargetGone);
         auto resident = refreshResidentTarget(context, state, state.colors[index], outcome, profile, [&] {
-            stored->Refresh();
+            if (state.colors[index].arrayLastSlice != 0) stored->RefreshLayers(state.colors[index].arraySlice, 1);
+            else stored->Refresh();
             return stored;
         });
         timer.phase(PhaseReadTarget);
diff --git a/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Graphics/src/ShaderResources.cpp b/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Graphics/src/ShaderResources.cpp
index 44e75aeaeb1..865082aab96 100644
--- a/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Graphics/src/ShaderResources.cpp
+++ b/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Graphics/src/ShaderResources.cpp
@@ -396,7 +396,12 @@ void logLookup(const LookupRecord& record) {
     log.push_back(record);
 }
 
-std::shared_ptr<StorageTexture> cachedStorageTexture(const Context& context, std::span<const std::uint32_t> words, const GuestTextureResource& resource, std::uint32_t mip, std::uint64_t guestBytes = 0, bool written = false);
+void refreshForView(StorageTexture& source, const GuestTextureResource& resource) {
+    if (resource.dimension == TextureDimension::k2D && source.ImageLayers() > 1) source.RefreshLayers(resource.baseArray, 1);
+    else source.Refresh();
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<StorageTexture> cachedStorageTexture(const Context& context, std::span<const std::uint32_t> words, const GuestTextureResource& resource, std::uint32_t mip, std::uint64_t guestBytes = 0, bool written = false, std::optional<std::pair<std::uint32_t, std::uint32_t>> layers = std::nullopt);
 
 std::uint64_t heldBytes(const StorageTexture& image) {
     return std::max<std::uint64_t>(image.AllocationBytes(), image.GuestBytes());
@@ -661,9 +666,9 @@ std::shared_ptr<Texture> cachedTexture(const Context& context, std::span<const s
     // so a write the game made since the last walk is invisible until a collect stamps its page. The
     // walk is memoized per packet, so a texture viewed from a storage image repeats it for free.
     auto generation = GuestMemory::CollectWrites(address, bytes);
-    if (source != nullptr && !GuestMemory::UnchangedSince(address, bytes, source->Generation())) {
+    if (source != nullptr && !GuestMemory::UnchangedSince(address, bytes, source->GenerationFor(address, bytes))) {
         // The CPU wrote the memory while results were pending: Refresh merges them the usual way.
-        source->Refresh();
+        refreshForView(*source, resource);
     }
     // Results stored to guest memory just now are stamped newer than `generation`; a snapshot read
     // after them is current at the generation of a second (memoized) collect. The store marks the
@@ -720,7 +725,7 @@ std::shared_ptr<Texture> cachedTexture(const Context& context, std::span<const s
             // written meanwhile is taken in by refreshing the image. A fast clear the image cannot
             // see (keys, and no pending results to prefer) ends the view: a snapshot holds the clear.
             if (!stagedFlushed && (source == nullptr || source == it->source) && (source != nullptr || *keys == DccKeys::Uncompressed) && StorageImageServesKeys(*it->source, resource.dccAddress)) {
-                if (!GuestMemory::UnchangedSince(address, bytes, it->source->Generation())) it->source->Refresh();
+                if (!GuestMemory::UnchangedSince(address, bytes, it->source->GenerationFor(address, bytes))) refreshForView(*it->source, resource);
                 if (it->texture->IsDepthCopy()) it->texture->RefreshDepthCopy();
                 it->keys = *keys;
                 touchTexture(cache, it);
@@ -934,7 +939,7 @@ GuestTextureResource StorageSurface(const Context& context, const GuestTextureRe
 }
 
 // `guestBytes` is the surface size when the caller described the surface already (0: described here).
-std::shared_ptr<StorageTexture> cachedStorageTexture(const Context& context, std::span<const std::uint32_t> words, const GuestTextureResource& viewed, std::uint32_t mip, std::uint64_t guestBytes, bool written) {
+std::shared_ptr<StorageTexture> cachedStorageTexture(const Context& context, std::span<const std::uint32_t> words, const GuestTextureResource& viewed, std::uint32_t mip, std::uint64_t guestBytes, bool written, std::optional<std::pair<std::uint32_t, std::uint32_t>> layers) {
     Require(viewed.dimension != TextureDimension::k2DMsaa, "storage image access to a multisampled texture is not implemented");
     RequireNoMultisampleTarget(viewed.baseAddress, guestBytes != 0 ? static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes) : 1u, "a storage image access");
     if (auto depth = DepthSurfaceStorage(context, words, viewed, mip)) return depth;
@@ -964,7 +969,8 @@ std::shared_ptr<StorageTexture> cachedStorageTexture(const Context& context, std
             it = cache.entries.end();
         }
         if (it != cache.entries.end()) {
-            it->texture->Refresh();
+            if (layers) it->texture->RefreshLayers(layers->first, layers->second);
+            else it->texture->Refresh();
             cache.entries.splice(cache.entries.begin(), cache.entries, it);
             texture = it->texture;
             counters.storageHits.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
@@ -1139,6 +1145,10 @@ std::shared_ptr<StorageTexture> CachedStorageSurface(const Context& context, con
     return cachedStorageTexture(context, {}, resource, 0);
 }
 
+std::shared_ptr<StorageTexture> CachedStorageLayers(const Context& context, const GuestTextureResource& resource, std::uint32_t firstLayer, std::uint32_t layerCount) {
+    return cachedStorageTexture(context, {}, resource, 0, 0, false, std::pair{firstLayer, layerCount});
+}
+
 bool StorageImageServesKeys(const StorageTexture& image, std::uint64_t dccAddress) {
     GuestTextureResource resource{};
     resource.dccAddress = dccAddress;
@@ -2593,7 +2603,7 @@ bool ShaderResources::fastRevalidate(std::uint64_t serialBefore, std::span<const
         }
         if (source != nullptr) {
             if (!source->Cached()) return fail(FastFail::Evicted);
-            queries.push_back({address, bytes, source->Generation()});
+            queries.push_back({address, bytes, source->GenerationFor(address, bytes)});
             images.push_back(source);
         } else {
             queries.push_back({address, bytes, surface.generation});
@@ -2617,7 +2627,7 @@ bool ShaderResources::fastRevalidate(std::uint64_t serialBefore, std::span<const
         }
         if (!unchanged) query(address, address + bytes, image, nullptr, {i, true, false});
         if (!image->Cached()) return fail(FastFail::Evicted);
-        queries.push_back({address, bytes, image->Generation()});
+        queries.push_back({address, bytes, image->GenerationFor(address, bytes)});
         images.push_back(image);
     }
     if (!pending.empty()) {
@@ -2683,7 +2693,7 @@ bool ShaderResources::fastRevalidateEach() {
         if (surface.source != nullptr) {
             // The view follows the image: it needs the image current with guest memory, as the
             // lookup's Refresh would make it.
-            if (!StorageImageCached(context, surface.source) || !GuestMemory::UnchangedSince(address, bytes, surface.source->Generation())) return false;
+            if (!StorageImageCached(context, surface.source) || !GuestMemory::UnchangedSince(address, bytes, surface.source->GenerationFor(address, bytes))) return false;
         } else if (!GuestMemory::UnchangedSince(address, bytes, surface.generation)) {
             return false;
         }
@@ -2713,7 +2723,7 @@ bool ShaderResources::fastRevalidateEach() {
         if (GuestMemory::CollectWrites(address, bytes) == 0) return false;
         if (PendingStorageOverlaps(address, bytes, image)) return false;
         if (!StorageImageCached(context, image)) return false;
-        if (!GuestMemory::UnchangedSince(address, bytes, image->Generation())) return false;
+        if (!GuestMemory::UnchangedSince(address, bytes, image->GenerationFor(address, bytes))) return false;
     }
     // Every check passed: snapshot textures are current at the collects issued before them. Storage
     // images keep their own generation: nothing was stamped above it, so the blocks a later write
@@ -2747,9 +2757,9 @@ ShaderResources::OwnRefreshFallback ShaderResources::refreshOwnObjects(std::span
         if (found != nullptr && !Texture::CanCopyFrom(*found, surface.resource)) found.reset();
         if (found != nullptr) {
             if (found != source) return OwnRefreshFallback::ForeignView;
-            if (!GuestMemory::UnchangedSince(address, bytes, source->Generation())) {
+            if (!GuestMemory::UnchangedSince(address, bytes, source->GenerationFor(address, bytes))) {
                 countOwnRefresh(false);
-                source->Refresh();
+                refreshForView(*source, surface.resource);
             }
             return OwnRefreshFallback::Count;
         }
@@ -3960,7 +3970,7 @@ std::shared_ptr<Texture> ShaderResources::fastTexture(const ImageRecord& record)
     // keys and stays valid while they are unchanged); a change is the full lookup's to judge.
     if (keys != record.entryKeys) return nullptr;
     if (record.source != nullptr) {
-        if (!StorageImageCached(context, record.source.get()) || !GuestMemory::UnchangedSince(address, bytes, record.source->Generation())) return nullptr;
+        if (!StorageImageCached(context, record.source.get()) || !GuestMemory::UnchangedSince(address, bytes, record.source->GenerationFor(address, bytes))) return nullptr;
         if (record.resource.dccAddress != 0 && IsDccClear(record.source->FilledKeys())) return nullptr;
         // Under fast-clear keys the view holds only while its image's results are still pending over
         // the surface; flushed, the clear the image cannot see makes the lookup take a snapshot.
diff --git a/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Graphics/src/Texture.cpp b/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Graphics/src/Texture.cpp
index ec3a8317f30..58ab754e1b4 100644
--- a/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Graphics/src/Texture.cpp
+++ b/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/Graphics/src/Texture.cpp
@@ -1727,11 +1727,31 @@ LookupOutcomes& ThreadLookupOutcomes() {
 }
 
 bool StorageTexture::Refresh() {
+    return refresh(0, trackedLayers);
+}
+
+bool StorageTexture::RefreshLayers(std::uint32_t first, std::uint32_t count) {
+    if (count == 0 || geometry.thick || geometry.imageLayers <= 1 || first >= geometry.imageLayers || count > geometry.imageLayers - first || geometry.layerBytes == 0 || trackedLayerBytes == 0 || descriptor.dccAddress != 0) return Refresh();
+    const auto begin = geometry.GuestLayerOffset(first);
+    const auto end = geometry.GuestLayerOffset(first + count - 1) + geometry.layerBytes;
+    const auto firstLayer = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(begin / trackedLayerBytes);
+    const auto lastLayer = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(std::min<std::uint64_t>((end + trackedLayerBytes - 1) / trackedLayerBytes, trackedLayers));
+    if (firstLayer >= lastLayer || (firstLayer == 0 && lastLayer == trackedLayers)) return Refresh();
+    for (std::uint32_t layer = 0; layer < trackedLayers; ++layer) {
+        if (layerPending[layer] && (layer < firstLayer || layer >= lastLayer)) return Refresh();
+    }
+    if (pendingAlias() != nullptr) return Refresh();
+    return refresh(firstLayer, lastLayer);
+}
+
+bool StorageTexture::refresh(std::uint32_t firstLayer, std::uint32_t lastLayer) {
     const bool profile = LookupOutcomes::Profiled();
     auto start = profile ? std::chrono::steady_clock::now() : std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point{};
+    const bool scoped = firstLayer != 0 || lastLayer != trackedLayers;
     CompletePendingCpuWrites(context, descriptor.baseAddress, static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes));
     if (descriptor.dccAddress != 0) CompletePendingCpuWrites(context, descriptor.dccAddress, DccKeyBytes(guestBytes));
     if (refreshProved()) {
+        layerBehind.clear();
         NoteProved();
         refreshesProved.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
         if (profile) LookupOutcomes::Add(LookupOutcomes::RefreshProved, start);
@@ -1753,7 +1773,7 @@ bool StorageTexture::Refresh() {
     // generation, no results of this image's own there) or dead to its own write-back (tracked and
     // stamped); an untracked unit is stored whole by that write-back, and a unit pending in both
     // images takes the old order (store, then this image re-uploads it).
-    auto alias = pendingAlias();
+    auto alias = scoped ? std::shared_ptr<StorageTexture>{} : pendingAlias();
     if (alias != nullptr && !(ProvedClearKeys(descriptor, guestBytes, keyProof) == DccKeys::Uncompressed && HostImportFor(context, descriptor.baseAddress, static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes)) != nullptr)) alias = nullptr;
     if (alias != nullptr) {
         std::vector<std::uint8_t> aliasStamped(trackedLayers);
@@ -1766,19 +1786,32 @@ bool StorageTexture::Refresh() {
             }
         }
     }
+    const auto scopeBegin = scoped ? layerBegin(firstLayer) : descriptor.baseAddress;
+    const auto scopeBytes = scoped ? static_cast<std::size_t>(layerBegin(lastLayer - 1) + layerBytes(lastLayer - 1) - scopeBegin) : static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes);
     // No publish: the upload below reads the stored units from the unit shadow itself.
-    const bool flushed = FlushPending(descriptor.baseAddress, static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes), alias.get(), "storage refresh", PublishScope::None);
+    const bool flushed = FlushPending(scopeBegin, scopeBytes, alias.get(), "storage refresh", PublishScope::None);
     if (profile && flushed) start = LookupOutcomes::Add(LookupOutcomes::PendingFlush, start);
     // `original` holds the guest bytes the image was last uploaded from or written back as; while the
     // guest memory and the DCC keys still match, the image content is current. Pages nobody wrote
     // since `generation` need no comparison.
     const auto current = GuestMemory::CollectWrites(descriptor.baseAddress, static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes));
+    const auto scopedCurrent = current != 0 || !scoped ? current : GuestMemory::CollectWrites(scopeBegin, scopeBytes);
+    std::vector<std::uint64_t> collected;
+    if (scopedCurrent == 0) {
+        collected.resize(trackedLayers);
+        for (auto layer = firstLayer; layer < lastLayer; ++layer) collected[layer] = collectedLayerGeneration(layer, 0);
+    }
+    const auto currentFor = [&](std::uint32_t layer) {
+        if (scoped && (layer < firstLayer || layer >= lastLayer)) return current;
+        return scopedCurrent != 0 ? scopedCurrent : collected[layer];
+    };
     // Per tracked layer: changed since its generation (a keys change makes every layer stale).
     std::vector<bool> changed(trackedLayers, false);
     // Per 64 KiB block of the surface (blockGenerations): stamped since its layer's generation, and
     // by a CPU store; scanned once when anything changed.
     std::vector<std::uint64_t> generations;
     std::vector<std::uint8_t> stampedBlocks, cpuBlocks;
+    std::vector<bool> outside;
     // Units taken from the alias's image instead of guest memory.
     std::vector<bool> borrowed;
     bool anyBorrowed = false;
@@ -1794,6 +1827,7 @@ bool StorageTexture::Refresh() {
         const auto equalsOriginal = [&] {
             // Named for the [hooksync] attribution: the compare goes through the flush hook.
             const GuestMemory::ReadSiteScope site(GuestMemory::ReadSite::TextureCompare);
+            if (scoped) return GuestMemory::EqualsCommitted(scopeBegin, std::span<const std::byte>(original).subspan(static_cast<std::size_t>(scopeBegin - descriptor.baseAddress), scopeBytes));
             return GuestMemory::EqualsCommitted(descriptor.baseAddress, original);
         };
         const auto scanBlocks = [&] {
@@ -1802,13 +1836,19 @@ bool StorageTexture::Refresh() {
             cpuBlocks.assign(generations.size(), 0);
             tracked = GuestMemory::ChangedBlocks(descriptor.baseAddress, static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes), generations, stampedBlocks, cpuBlocks);
             if (!tracked) awaitStoredSave(nullptr);
-            compared = !tracked && compareUntracked(descriptor.baseAddress, static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes), stampedBlocks, true);
+            const auto firstBlock = static_cast<std::size_t>(scopeBegin / 65536 - descriptor.baseAddress / 65536);
+            const auto blocks = static_cast<std::size_t>((scopeBegin + scopeBytes - 1) / 65536 - scopeBegin / 65536 + 1);
+            compared = !tracked && (scoped ? compareUntracked(scopeBegin, scopeBytes, std::span(stampedBlocks).subspan(firstBlock, blocks), true) : compareUntracked(descriptor.baseAddress, static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes), stampedBlocks, true));
             if (compared) {
                 for (const auto& [from, unitGeneration] : keptAtUnwatch) {
                     const auto unit = static_cast<std::uint32_t>((from - descriptor.baseAddress) / trackedLayerBytes);
                     if (keptAtUnwatchHolds(from, unit)) stampedBlocks[static_cast<std::size_t>(from / 65536 - descriptor.baseAddress / 65536)] = GuestMemory::BlockWritten;
                 }
                 cpuBlocks = stampedBlocks;
+                if (scoped) {
+                    std::fill(stampedBlocks.begin(), stampedBlocks.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(firstBlock), GuestMemory::BlockWritten);
+                    std::fill(stampedBlocks.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(firstBlock + blocks), stampedBlocks.end(), GuestMemory::BlockWritten);
+                }
             }
         };
         const auto keysStart = profile ? std::chrono::steady_clock::now() : std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point{};
@@ -1827,7 +1867,7 @@ bool StorageTexture::Refresh() {
                 scanBlocks();
                 for (std::uint32_t unit = 0; unit < trackedLayers; ++unit) {
                     if (stampedBlocks[unit] == 0) {
-                        layerGeneration[unit] = current;
+                        layerGeneration[unit] = currentFor(unit);
                         continue;
                     }
                     changed[unit] = true;
@@ -1853,6 +1893,15 @@ bool StorageTexture::Refresh() {
             }
             unchanged = std::none_of(changed.begin(), changed.end(), [](bool value) { return value; });
         }
+        if (scoped && !keysChanged) {
+            outside.assign(trackedLayers, false);
+            for (std::uint32_t layer = 0; layer < trackedLayers; ++layer) {
+                if ((layer >= firstLayer && layer < lastLayer) || (!changed[layer] && !compared)) continue;
+                outside[layer] = true;
+                changed[layer] = false;
+            }
+            unchanged = std::none_of(changed.begin(), changed.end(), [](bool value) { return value; });
+        }
         for (std::size_t k = 0; k < cpuBlocks.size(); ++k) {
             if (cpuBlocks[k] != 0 && (compared || (tracked && generations[k] != 0))) cpuWrote = true;
         }
@@ -1863,12 +1912,11 @@ bool StorageTexture::Refresh() {
         for (std::uint32_t layer = 0; layer < trackedLayers; ++layer) {
             if (changed[layer] && layerPending[layer]) pendingChanged = true;
         }
-        if (!unchanged && !keysChanged && !pendingChanged && originalHolds(descriptor.baseAddress, static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes)) && equalsOriginal()) {
+        if (!unchanged && !keysChanged && !pendingChanged && (scoped ? originalHolds(scopeBegin, scopeBytes) : originalHolds(descriptor.baseAddress, static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes))) && equalsOriginal()) {
             unchanged = true;
             stamped = false;
+            if (!scoped) outside.clear();
         }
-        // Only the direct path uploads the selected layers alone (see upload); the others replace
-        // the whole image, so every pending layer's results are stored first.
         direct = keys == DccKeys::Uncompressed && HostImportFor(context, descriptor.baseAddress, static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes)) != nullptr;
         if (alias != nullptr && direct) {
             // The alias's pending units that nothing stamped since its generation (a CPU store or a
@@ -1893,11 +1941,16 @@ bool StorageTexture::Refresh() {
             }
         }
     }
+    const bool outsideChanged = std::any_of(outside.begin(), outside.end(), [](bool value) { return value; });
+    if (scoped) noteLayersBehind(firstLayer, lastLayer, outside);
+    else layerBehind.clear();
     if (unchanged) {
         ++Profile().storageReused;
-        layerGeneration.assign(trackedLayers, current);
+        for (std::uint32_t layer = 0; layer < trackedLayers; ++layer) {
+            if (!outsideChanged || !outside[layer]) layerGeneration[layer] = currentFor(layer);
+        }
         refreshGeneration();
-        takeRefreshProof(alias != nullptr);
+        if (layerBehind.empty()) takeRefreshProof(alias != nullptr);
         if (profile) LookupOutcomes::Add(stamped ? LookupOutcomes::RefreshUnchanged : LookupOutcomes::RefreshCompared, start);
         return true;
     }
@@ -1947,6 +2000,7 @@ bool StorageTexture::Refresh() {
         }
         std::fprintf(stderr, "[dcc-keys] refresh 0x%llx+0x%llx keys %s -> %s (dirty %d, %zu pending units, %zu cpu-stamped units%s)\n", static_cast<unsigned long long>(descriptor.baseAddress), static_cast<unsigned long long>(guestBytes), DccKeysName(uploadedKeys), DccKeysName(keys), dirty ? 1 : 0, pendingUnits, stampedUnits, keyFlip ? ", flip keeps unstamped results" : "");
     }
+    const bool selectedCpu = !direct && keys == DccKeys::Uncompressed && !cpuUploadLayers(changed).empty();
     for (std::uint32_t layer = 0; layer < trackedLayers; ++layer) {
         if (!layerPending[layer]) continue;
         if (keyFlip && layerGeneration[layer] != 0 && stampedBlocks[layer] != GuestMemory::BlockWritten) {
@@ -1965,7 +2019,7 @@ bool StorageTexture::Refresh() {
                 dropped = true;
                 continue;
             }
-        } else if (direct) {
+        } else if (direct || selectedCpu) {
             continue;
         }
         stored[layer] = true;
@@ -1987,7 +2041,7 @@ bool StorageTexture::Refresh() {
         uploadReason = "alias";
         borrowUnits(*alias, borrowed);
         for (std::uint32_t unit = 0; unit < trackedLayers; ++unit) {
-            if (borrowed[unit]) layerGeneration[unit] = current;
+            if (borrowed[unit]) layerGeneration[unit] = currentFor(unit);
         }
         refreshGeneration();
     }
@@ -2096,7 +2150,7 @@ void traceKeyStore(const char* path, const GuestTextureResource& descriptor, std
 
 void StorageTexture::captureGuestBytes(const std::vector<bool>* layers) {
     original.resize(static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes));
-    comparedGuestBytes = {};
+    comparedRanges = {};
     std::vector<bool> selected(trackedLayers, true);
     if (layers != nullptr) selected = *layers;
     for (const auto& [begin, end] : unitRuns(selected)) GuestMemory::FlushGpuWrites(descriptor.baseAddress + begin, static_cast<std::size_t>(end - begin));
@@ -2133,11 +2187,10 @@ bool StorageTexture::compareUntracked(std::uint64_t address, std::size_t bytes,
     Require(changed.size() == (end - 1) / blockBytes - first + 1, "texture comparison block count differs");
     const auto* recorder = Recorder::Active();
     const auto epoch = GuestMemory::CollectEpoch();
-    const bool whole = address == descriptor.baseAddress && bytes == guestBytes;
-    const auto hint = memoize && epoch != 0 && whole ? GuestMemory::UntrackedHint(address, bytes) : 0;
+    const auto hint = memoize && epoch != 0 ? GuestMemory::UntrackedHint(address, bytes) : 0;
     const std::array<std::uint64_t, 5> stamp{hint != 0, hint != 0 ? hint : epoch, GuestMemory::NewestStamp(address, bytes), GuestMemory::ForgetSerial(), recorder != nullptr ? recorder->NewestWriteNote(address, bytes) : 0};
-    const bool cacheable = memoize && epoch != 0 && (stamp[3] & 1u) == 0 && whole;
-    if (cacheable && comparedGuestBytes == stamp) {
+    const bool cacheable = memoize && epoch != 0 && (stamp[3] & 1u) == 0;
+    if (cacheable && std::any_of(comparedRanges.begin(), comparedRanges.end(), [&](const ComparedRange& entry) { return entry.address == address && entry.bytes == bytes && entry.stamp == stamp; })) {
         std::fill(changed.begin(), changed.end(), GuestMemory::BlockUnchanged);
         return true;
     }
@@ -2145,10 +2198,14 @@ bool StorageTexture::compareUntracked(std::uint64_t address, std::size_t bytes,
     const auto saved = std::span(original).subspan(static_cast<std::size_t>(address - descriptor.baseAddress), bytes);
     if (GuestMemory::EqualsCommittedUnsynced(address, saved)) {
         std::fill(changed.begin(), changed.end(), GuestMemory::BlockUnchanged);
-        if (cacheable) comparedGuestBytes = stamp;
+        if (cacheable) {
+            auto found = std::find_if(comparedRanges.begin(), comparedRanges.end(), [&](const ComparedRange& entry) { return entry.address == address && entry.bytes == bytes; });
+            if (found == comparedRanges.end()) found = comparedRanges.begin() + nextComparedRange++ % comparedRanges.size();
+            *found = {address, bytes, stamp};
+        }
         return true;
     }
-    comparedGuestBytes = {};
+    comparedRanges = {};
     for (std::size_t index = 0; index < changed.size(); ++index) {
         const auto begin = std::max(address, (first + index) * blockBytes);
         const auto stop = std::min(end, (first + index + 1) * blockBytes);
@@ -2160,6 +2217,25 @@ bool StorageTexture::compareUntracked(std::uint64_t address, std::size_t bytes,
 
 constexpr std::uint64_t GenerationBaselineBytes = 1ull << 20;
 
+std::vector<bool> StorageTexture::cpuUploadLayers(const std::vector<bool>& units) const {
+    if (descriptor.dimension != TextureDimension::k2DArray || descriptor.mipCount != 1 || descriptor.dccAddress != 0 || IsBlockCompressed(descriptor.format) || geometry.thick || arrayLayers <= 1 || geometry.imageLayers != arrayLayers || trackedLayerBytes == 0 || units.size() != trackedLayers) return {};
+    std::vector<bool> selected(arrayLayers, false);
+    for (std::uint32_t layer = 0; layer < arrayLayers; ++layer) {
+        const auto begin = geometry.GuestLayerOffset(layer);
+        const auto end = begin + geometry.layerBytes;
+        if (end <= begin || end > guestBytes || begin % trackedLayerBytes != 0 || (end % trackedLayerBytes != 0 && end != guestBytes)) return {};
+        const auto first = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(begin / trackedLayerBytes);
+        const auto last = static_cast<std::uint32_t>((end + trackedLayerBytes - 1) / trackedLayerBytes);
+        if (first >= last || last > trackedLayers) return {};
+        selected[layer] = units[first];
+        for (auto unit = first + 1; unit < last; ++unit) {
+            if (units[unit] != selected[layer]) return {};
+        }
+    }
+    if (std::none_of(selected.begin(), selected.end(), [](bool value) { return value; }) || std::all_of(selected.begin(), selected.end(), [](bool value) { return value; })) return {};
+    return selected;
+}
+
 void StorageTexture::upload(const std::vector<bool>* layers) {
     const bool profile = LookupOutcomes::Profiled();
     const auto start = profile ? std::chrono::steady_clock::now() : std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point{};
@@ -2168,8 +2244,6 @@ void StorageTexture::upload(const std::vector<bool>* layers) {
     CaptureTrace::Log("upload image=%llx bytes=%llu generation=%llu reason=%s partial=%d", static_cast<unsigned long long>(descriptor.baseAddress), static_cast<unsigned long long>(guestBytes), static_cast<unsigned long long>(generation), uploadReason, layers != nullptr);
     const auto elementBytes = BytesPerElement(descriptor.format);
     const auto linearBytes = sliceLinearBytes * arrayLayers;
-    // A layer selection applies to the direct path alone (the others upload everything); it names
-    // array layers, which the tracked layers are when there are several.
     if (layers != nullptr && ((!blockUnits && trackedLayers != arrayLayers) || std::all_of(layers->begin(), layers->end(), [](bool selected) { return selected; }))) layers = nullptr;
     const auto now = GuestMemory::CollectWrites(descriptor.baseAddress, static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes));
     const auto stampLayers = [&](bool selectedOnly) {
@@ -2181,7 +2255,7 @@ void StorageTexture::upload(const std::vector<bool>* layers) {
         }
         for (std::uint32_t layer = 0; layer < trackedLayers; ++layer) {
             if (!whole && !(*layers)[layer]) continue;
-            layerGeneration[layer] = now;
+            layerGeneration[layer] = collectedLayerGeneration(layer, now);
             if (whole || generationBaseline.size() != guestBytes) continue;
             const auto offset = static_cast<std::size_t>(layerBegin(layer) - descriptor.baseAddress);
             GuestMemory::ReadCommitted(layerBegin(layer), std::span<std::byte>(generationBaseline).subspan(offset, static_cast<std::size_t>(layerBytes(layer))));
@@ -2376,15 +2450,36 @@ void StorageTexture::upload(const std::vector<bool>* layers) {
         if (profile) LookupOutcomes::Add(LookupOutcomes::UploadDirect, start);
         return;
     }
-    layerOriginal.assign(trackedLayers, true);
-    cancelStoredSaves();
-    forgetBorrowed(0, trackedLayers);
-    stampLayers(false);
-    original.resize(static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes));
-    GuestMemory::ReadCommitted(descriptor.baseAddress, original);
+    const auto cpuLayers = uploadedKeys == DccKeys::Uncompressed && layers != nullptr ? cpuUploadLayers(*layers) : std::vector<bool>{};
+    const bool selectedCpu = !cpuLayers.empty();
+    std::uint64_t uploadedBytes = guestBytes;
+    if (selectedCpu) {
+        captureGuestBytes(layers);
+        for (std::uint32_t unit = 0; unit < trackedLayers; ++unit) {
+            if ((*layers)[unit]) forgetBorrowed(unit, 1);
+        }
+        stampLayers(true);
+        uploadedBytes = 0;
+        for (std::uint32_t layer = 0; layer < arrayLayers; ++layer) {
+            if (cpuLayers[layer]) uploadedBytes += geometry.layerBytes;
+        }
+    } else {
+        layerOriginal.assign(trackedLayers, true);
+        cancelStoredSaves();
+        forgetBorrowed(0, trackedLayers);
+        stampLayers(false);
+        original.resize(static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes));
+        GuestMemory::ReadCommitted(descriptor.baseAddress, original);
+    }
     {
             Buffer staging(context, original.size(), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT);
-            if (uploadedKeys == DccKeys::Uncompressed) std::memcpy(staging.Bytes().data(), original.data(), original.size());
+            if (selectedCpu) {
+                for (std::uint32_t layer = 0; layer < arrayLayers; ++layer) {
+                    if (!cpuLayers[layer]) continue;
+                    const auto offset = geometry.GuestLayerOffset(layer);
+                    std::memcpy(staging.Bytes().data() + offset, original.data() + offset, static_cast<std::size_t>(geometry.layerBytes));
+                }
+            } else if (uploadedKeys == DccKeys::Uncompressed) std::memcpy(staging.Bytes().data(), original.data(), original.size());
             else ReadTextureSurface(descriptor, uploadedKeys, staging.Bytes().first(original.size()));
             DeviceBuffer tiled(context, original.size(), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT);
             DeviceBuffer linear(context, static_cast<std::size_t>(linearBytes), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT);
@@ -2392,9 +2487,16 @@ void StorageTexture::upload(const std::vector<bool>* layers) {
             CommandBatch batch(context);
             const auto commands = batch.Handle();
             RecordMemoryBarrier(context, commands, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_ACCESS_HOST_WRITE_BIT, VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT);
-            CopyBuffer(context, commands, staging.Handle(), 0, tiled.Handle(), 0, original.size());
+            if (selectedCpu) {
+                for (std::uint32_t layer = 0; layer < arrayLayers; ++layer) {
+                    if (!cpuLayers[layer]) continue;
+                    const auto offset = geometry.GuestLayerOffset(layer);
+                    CopyBuffer(context, commands, staging.Handle(), offset, tiled.Handle(), offset, geometry.layerBytes);
+                }
+            } else CopyBuffer(context, commands, staging.Handle(), 0, tiled.Handle(), 0, original.size());
             RecordMemoryBarrier(context, commands, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT, VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT, VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT);
             for (std::uint32_t layer = 0; layer < arrayLayers; ++layer) {
+                if (selectedCpu && !cpuLayers[layer]) continue;
                 for (std::uint32_t level = 0; level < mips.size(); ++level) {
                     if (!geometry.HasLayer(level, layer)) continue;
                     const auto& mip = mips[level];
@@ -2403,15 +2505,16 @@ void StorageTexture::upload(const std::vector<bool>* layers) {
             }
             const auto linearRead = WholeBufferBarrier(linear.Handle(), VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT, VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT);
             VkImageMemoryBarrier toTransfer{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER};
+            toTransfer.srcAccessMask = selectedCpu ? VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT | VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT : 0u;
             toTransfer.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
-            toTransfer.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
+            toTransfer.oldLayout = selectedCpu ? VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL : VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
             toTransfer.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
             toTransfer.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
             toTransfer.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
             toTransfer.image = image;
             toTransfer.subresourceRange = {VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, descriptor.mipCount, 0, geometry.imageLayers};
-            context.Function<PFN_vkCmdPipelineBarrier>("vkCmdPipelineBarrier")(commands, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 1, &linearRead, 1, &toTransfer);
-            const auto regions = CopyRegions();
+            context.Function<PFN_vkCmdPipelineBarrier>("vkCmdPipelineBarrier")(commands, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT | (selectedCpu ? VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT : 0u), VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 1, &linearRead, 1, &toTransfer);
+            const auto regions = CopyRegions(selectedCpu ? &cpuLayers : nullptr);
             context.Function<PFN_vkCmdCopyBufferToImage>("vkCmdCopyBufferToImage")(commands, linear.Handle(), image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, static_cast<std::uint32_t>(regions.size()), regions.data());
             VkImageMemoryBarrier toGeneral = toTransfer;
             toGeneral.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
@@ -2423,7 +2526,7 @@ void StorageTexture::upload(const std::vector<bool>* layers) {
             batch.SubmitAndWait();
             APS5_LOG_CHARS_OUT("StorageTexture upload done");
     }
-    countStorageUpload(2, guestBytes);
+    countStorageUpload(2, uploadedBytes);
     ++version;
     if (profile) LookupOutcomes::Add(LookupOutcomes::UploadCpu, start);
 }
@@ -3119,6 +3222,51 @@ void StorageTexture::refreshGeneration() {
     generation = *std::min_element(layerGeneration.begin(), layerGeneration.end());
 }
 
+std::uint64_t StorageTexture::GenerationFor(std::uint64_t address, std::uint64_t bytes) const {
+    if (layerBehind.empty() && generation != 0) return generation;
+    std::optional<std::uint64_t> oldest;
+    for (std::uint32_t layer = 0; layer < trackedLayers; ++layer) {
+        const auto begin = layerBegin(layer);
+        if (address >= begin + layerBytes(layer) || begin >= address + bytes) continue;
+        if (!layerBehind.empty() && layerBehind[layer]) return 0;
+        oldest = std::min(oldest.value_or(layerGeneration[layer]), layerGeneration[layer]);
+    }
+    return oldest.value_or(generation);
+}
+
+std::uint64_t StorageTexture::collectedLayerGeneration(std::uint32_t layer, std::uint64_t whole, bool uncached) const {
+    if (whole != 0 || trackedLayers <= 1) return whole;
+    const auto begin = layerBegin(layer);
+    const auto bytes = static_cast<std::size_t>(layerBytes(layer));
+    return uncached ? GuestMemory::CollectWritesUncached(begin, bytes) : GuestMemory::CollectWrites(begin, bytes);
+}
+
+void StorageTexture::noteLayersBehind(std::uint32_t firstLayer, std::uint32_t lastLayer, const std::vector<bool>& outside) {
+    if (layerBehind.size() != trackedLayers) layerBehind.assign(trackedLayers, false);
+    for (std::uint32_t layer = 0; layer < trackedLayers; ++layer) {
+        if (layer >= firstLayer && layer < lastLayer) layerBehind[layer] = false;
+        else if (layer < outside.size() && outside[layer]) layerBehind[layer] = true;
+    }
+    const auto layersEnd = layerBegin(lastLayer - 1) + layerBytes(lastLayer - 1);
+    const std::array<std::pair<std::uint64_t, std::uint64_t>, 2> ranges{{{descriptor.baseAddress, layerBegin(firstLayer)}, {layersEnd, descriptor.baseAddress + guestBytes}}};
+    for (const auto& [from, to] : ranges) {
+        if (to <= from) continue;
+        for (const auto& other : overlappingPending(from, static_cast<std::size_t>(to - from))) {
+            const bool whole = other->descriptor.dccAddress != 0 && other->uploadedKeys != DccKeys::Uncompressed;
+            for (std::uint32_t unit = 0; unit < other->trackedLayers; ++unit) {
+                if (!whole && !other->layerPending[unit]) continue;
+                const auto begin = std::max(from, other->layerBegin(unit));
+                const auto end = std::min(to, other->layerBegin(unit) + other->layerBytes(unit));
+                if (end <= begin) continue;
+                const auto first = static_cast<std::uint32_t>((begin - descriptor.baseAddress) / trackedLayerBytes);
+                const auto last = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(std::min<std::uint64_t>((end - descriptor.baseAddress + trackedLayerBytes - 1) / trackedLayerBytes, trackedLayers));
+                for (auto layer = first; layer < last; ++layer) layerBehind[layer] = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (std::none_of(layerBehind.begin(), layerBehind.end(), [](bool behind) { return behind; })) layerBehind.clear();
+}
+
 void StorageTexture::markLayersPending(std::uint32_t first, std::uint32_t count) {
     CaptureTrace::Log("image-write image=%llx first=%u count=%u generation=%llu", static_cast<unsigned long long>(descriptor.baseAddress), first, count, static_cast<unsigned long long>(generation));
     static const bool eager = std::getenv("APS5_EAGER_WRITEBACK") != nullptr || std::getenv("APS5_NO_TEXTURE_CACHE") != nullptr;
@@ -3338,7 +3486,7 @@ void StorageTexture::saveBeforeUnwatch() {
     const auto runs = unitRuns(units);
     if (runs.empty()) return;
     original.resize(static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes));
-    comparedGuestBytes = {};
+    comparedRanges = {};
     for (const auto& [begin, end] : runs) GuestMemory::ReadCommittedUnsynced(descriptor.baseAddress + begin, std::span(original).subspan(static_cast<std::size_t>(begin), static_cast<std::size_t>(end - begin)));
     for (const auto& [begin, end] : runs) GuestMemory::CollectWritesUncached(descriptor.baseAddress + begin, static_cast<std::size_t>(end - begin));
     constexpr std::uint64_t block = 65536;
@@ -3399,7 +3547,7 @@ void StorageTexture::applyStoredSave(std::uint64_t ticket, const std::vector<std
     for (const auto unit : units) {
         if (savedTicket[unit] != ticket) continue;
         if (original.size() != guestBytes) original.resize(static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes));
-        comparedGuestBytes = {};
+        comparedRanges = {};
         const auto offset = static_cast<std::size_t>(layerBegin(unit) - descriptor.baseAddress);
         std::memcpy(original.data() + offset, stored.data() + offset, static_cast<std::size_t>(layerBytes(unit)));
         layerOriginal[unit] = true;
@@ -4022,7 +4170,8 @@ bool StorageTexture::clearByKeysFill(DccKeys keys, std::uint8_t key) {
     filledKeys = DccKeys::Uncompressed;
     keyProof = {};
     forgetBorrowed(0, trackedLayers);
-    layerGeneration.assign(trackedLayers, GuestMemory::CollectWrites(descriptor.baseAddress, static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes)));
+    const auto now = GuestMemory::CollectWrites(descriptor.baseAddress, static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes));
+    for (std::uint32_t layer = 0; layer < trackedLayers; ++layer) layerGeneration[layer] = collectedLayerGeneration(layer, now);
     refreshGeneration();
     ++version;
     if (traceKeys) std::fprintf(stderr, "[dcc-keys] key fill %s clears 0x%llx+0x%llx at once (keys 0x%llx, %zu pending units dropped, dirty %d)\n", DccKeysName(keys), static_cast<unsigned long long>(descriptor.baseAddress), static_cast<unsigned long long>(guestBytes), static_cast<unsigned long long>(descriptor.dccAddress), droppedUnits, wasDirty ? 1 : 0);
@@ -4183,7 +4332,8 @@ bool StorageTexture::FillClear(std::span<const std::uint32_t, 4> pattern, std::u
         return true;
     }
     if (!watched) captureGuestBytes(nullptr);
-    layerGeneration.assign(trackedLayers, GuestMemory::CollectWritesUncached(descriptor.baseAddress, static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes)));
+    const auto now = GuestMemory::CollectWritesUncached(descriptor.baseAddress, static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes));
+    for (std::uint32_t layer = 0; layer < trackedLayers; ++layer) layerGeneration[layer] = collectedLayerGeneration(layer, now, true);
     refreshGeneration();
     forgetBorrowed(0, trackedLayers);
     MarkDirty();
@@ -4305,7 +4455,8 @@ bool StorageTexture::CopyFrom(StorageTexture& source, const char*& refusal) {
         captureGuestBytes(nullptr);
     }
     uploadedKeys = DccKeys::Uncompressed;
-    layerGeneration.assign(trackedLayers, GuestMemory::CollectWritesUncached(descriptor.baseAddress, static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes)));
+    const auto now = GuestMemory::CollectWritesUncached(descriptor.baseAddress, static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes));
+    for (std::uint32_t layer = 0; layer < trackedLayers; ++layer) layerGeneration[layer] = collectedLayerGeneration(layer, now, true);
     refreshGeneration();
     forgetBorrowed(0, trackedLayers);
     MarkDirty();
@@ -4670,7 +4821,7 @@ void StorageTexture::writeBackLayers(const std::vector<bool>& layers) {
         if (!advances && adjacent.empty() && shadowed.empty()) return;
         const auto now = memoizedCollect ? GuestMemory::CollectWrites(firstStored, static_cast<std::size_t>(lastStored - firstStored)) : GuestMemory::CollectWritesUncached(firstStored, static_cast<std::size_t>(lastStored - firstStored));
         for (std::uint32_t layer = 0; layer < trackedLayers; ++layer) {
-            if (layers[layer] && !skippedLayer[layer]) layerGeneration[layer] = now;
+            if (layers[layer] && !skippedLayer[layer]) layerGeneration[layer] = collectedLayerGeneration(layer, now, !memoizedCollect);
         }
         refreshGeneration();
         advanceAdjacent(adjacent, now, firstBlock, lastBlock);
@@ -4850,7 +5001,8 @@ void StorageTexture::writeBackLayers(const std::vector<bool>& layers) {
             overhang = covered >= end;
         }
     }
-    if (unregisteredDrop && !overhang && !RegisteredReadableCovers(descriptor.baseAddress, static_cast<std::size_t>(guestBytes))) {
+    const bool registered = std::all_of(keep.begin(), keep.end(), [](const auto& range) { return RegisteredReadableCovers(range.first, static_cast<std::size_t>(range.second - range.first)); });
+    if (unregisteredDrop && !overhang && !registered) {
         static std::atomic<int> reports{0};
         if (reports.fetch_add(1) < 4) std::fprintf(stderr, "[gpu] storage image 0x%llx+0x%llx: memory no longer registered; %zu pending ranges dropped\n", static_cast<unsigned long long>(descriptor.baseAddress), static_cast<unsigned long long>(guestBytes), keep.size());
         unregisteredDropped.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
@@ -4868,7 +5020,13 @@ void StorageTexture::writeBackLayers(const std::vector<bool>& layers) {
     Require(!unsavedOutsideWatch, "storing storage image results pending over memory outside the write watch without the guest bytes saved before them is not implemented");
     std::vector<bool> unsaved = layerOriginal;
     unsaved.flip();
-    for (const auto& [begin, end] : unitRuns(unsaved)) GuestMemory::ReadCommitted(descriptor.baseAddress + begin, std::span(original).subspan(static_cast<std::size_t>(begin), static_cast<std::size_t>(end - begin)));
+    for (const auto& [begin, end] : unitRuns(unsaved)) {
+        for (const auto& [from, to] : keep) {
+            const auto first = std::max(descriptor.baseAddress + begin, from);
+            const auto last = std::min(descriptor.baseAddress + end, to);
+            if (first < last) GuestMemory::ReadCommitted(first, std::span(original).subspan(static_cast<std::size_t>(first - descriptor.baseAddress), static_cast<std::size_t>(last - first)));
+        }
+    }
     DeviceBuffer linear(context, static_cast<std::size_t>(sliceLinearBytes * arrayLayers), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT);
     DeviceBuffer tiled(context, original.size(), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT);
     Buffer host(context, original.size(), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT);
diff --git a/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/tests/Recorder.cpp b/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/tests/Recorder.cpp
index 580996f9212..8248bf5e811 100644
--- a/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/tests/Recorder.cpp
+++ b/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/tests/Recorder.cpp
@@ -109,6 +109,32 @@ void ReleaseWatched(void* block, std::size_t bytes) {
 #endif
 }
 
+bool collectMappingHistoryTests() {
+    constexpr std::size_t bytes = 131072;
+    auto* memory = static_cast<std::uint8_t*>(AllocateWatched(bytes, 65536));
+    if (memory == nullptr) return false;
+    GuestAllocations::Mutation().Add(memory, bytes, true, true, false);
+    struct Cleanup {
+        std::uint8_t* memory;
+        ~Cleanup() {
+            GuestAllocations::Mutation().Remove(memory);
+            ReleaseWatched(memory, bytes);
+        }
+    } cleanup{memory};
+    const auto address = reinterpret_cast<std::uint64_t>(memory);
+    std::memset(memory, 0x11, bytes);
+    AgcDriver::GuestMemory::BumpCollectEpoch();
+    const auto before = AgcDriver::GuestMemory::CollectWrites(address, bytes);
+    Require(before != 0, "the mapping fixture has no complete write history");
+    memory[4096] = 0x22;
+    GuestAllocations::Mutation().Remove(memory);
+    GuestAllocations::Mutation().Add(memory, bytes, true, true, false);
+    Require(AgcDriver::GuestMemory::CollectWrites(address, bytes) != 0, "the replacement mapping lost write tracking");
+    Require(!AgcDriver::GuestMemory::UnchangedSince(address, bytes, before), "a cached collect hid a CPU store across allocation replacement");
+    Require(memory[4096] == 0x22, "collecting the replacement mapping changed its CPU bytes");
+    return true;
+}
+
 std::optional<std::size_t> selectDevice(std::span<const VkPhysicalDeviceProperties> devices, std::string_view request) {
     const auto rankDeviceType = [](VkPhysicalDeviceType type) {
         switch (type) {
@@ -8176,6 +8202,11 @@ void Run(Context context) {
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     try {
+        if (argc == 2 && std::string_view(argv[1]) == "--collect-mapping-history-only") {
+            if (!collectMappingHistoryTests()) return 77;
+            std::cout << "collect mapping history tests passed\n";
+            return 0;
+        }
         if (argc == 2 && std::string_view(argv[1]) == "--device-selection-only") {
             deviceSelectionTests();
             std::cout << "recorder device selection tests passed\n";
diff --git a/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/tests/execution/ArrayLayerTarget.cpp b/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/tests/execution/ArrayLayerTarget.cpp
index 18dcef360cc..aed0ffc37ad 100644
--- a/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/tests/execution/ArrayLayerTarget.cpp
+++ b/core/libs/prx/libSceAgcDriver/tests/execution/ArrayLayerTarget.cpp
@@ -68,6 +68,8 @@ alignas(256) std::array<std::uint32_t, 16> PixelCode{};
 alignas(256) std::array<std::uint32_t, Threads> Output{};
 
 void SampleSliceZero(AgcDriver::VulkanDevice& device, std::uint8_t* texels, std::uint32_t swizzleMode);
+void OverlappingArrays(AgcDriver::VulkanDevice& device, std::uint8_t* texels, std::uint32_t swizzleMode, bool cpuWrite = false);
+void OverlappingArrayLastSlice(AgcDriver::VulkanDevice& device, std::uint8_t* texels, std::uint32_t swizzleMode);
 
 std::uint64_t AddressOf(const void* data) {
     return static_cast<std::uint64_t>(reinterpret_cast<std::uintptr_t>(data));
@@ -81,27 +83,29 @@ std::string Hex(std::uint32_t value) {
 
 class GuestBlock {
 public:
-    GuestBlock() {
+    explicit GuestBlock(std::size_t registeredBytes = SurfaceBytes, std::size_t registeredOffset = 0, bool commitAll = true) : registeredOffset(registeredOffset) {
 #ifdef _WIN32
         block = static_cast<std::uint8_t*>(GuestArena::GuestArenaAllocate_nid_postfix(SurfaceBytes, LayerBytes));
-        if (block != nullptr) GuestArena::GuestArenaCommit_nid_postfix(block, SurfaceBytes, PAGE_READWRITE, SurfaceBytes);
+        if (block != nullptr) GuestArena::GuestArenaCommit_nid_postfix(block + (commitAll ? 0 : registeredOffset), commitAll ? SurfaceBytes : registeredBytes, PAGE_READWRITE, commitAll ? SurfaceBytes : registeredBytes);
 #else
-        void* mapped = mmap(nullptr, SurfaceBytes + LayerBytes, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
+        void* mapped = mmap(nullptr, SurfaceBytes + LayerBytes, commitAll ? PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE : PROT_NONE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
         if (mapped != MAP_FAILED) {
             const auto begin = reinterpret_cast<std::uintptr_t>(mapped);
             const auto aligned = (begin + LayerBytes - 1) & ~(static_cast<std::uintptr_t>(LayerBytes) - 1);
             if (aligned != begin) munmap(mapped, aligned - begin);
             if (aligned + SurfaceBytes != begin + SurfaceBytes + LayerBytes) munmap(reinterpret_cast<void*>(aligned + SurfaceBytes), begin + LayerBytes - aligned);
             block = reinterpret_cast<std::uint8_t*>(aligned);
-            if (AgcDriver::GuestMemory::WriteWatched()) GuestWriteWatch::GuestWriteWatchRegister_nid_postfix(block, SurfaceBytes);
+            if (!commitAll) Require(mprotect(block + registeredOffset, registeredBytes, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE) == 0, "cannot commit the active array slice");
+            if (AgcDriver::GuestMemory::WriteWatched()) GuestWriteWatch::GuestWriteWatchRegister_nid_postfix(block + (commitAll ? 0 : registeredOffset), commitAll ? SurfaceBytes : registeredBytes);
         }
 #endif
         Require(block != nullptr, "array layer target: cannot allocate the guest block");
-        GuestAllocations::Mutation().Add(block, SurfaceBytes, true, true, true);
+        if (!commitAll) GuestAllocations::GuestAllocationsInvalidate_nid_postfix(reinterpret_cast<std::uintptr_t>(block), SurfaceBytes);
+        GuestAllocations::Mutation().Add(block + registeredOffset, registeredBytes, true, true, true);
     }
 
     ~GuestBlock() {
-        GuestAllocations::Mutation().Remove(block);
+        if (registered) GuestAllocations::Mutation().Remove(block + registeredOffset);
 #ifdef _WIN32
         GuestArena::GuestArenaReset_nid_postfix(block, SurfaceBytes);
         GuestArena::GuestArenaRelease_nid_postfix(block, SurfaceBytes);
@@ -115,9 +119,15 @@ class GuestBlock {
     GuestBlock& operator=(const GuestBlock&) = delete;
 
     std::uint8_t* Data() { return block; }
+    void Unregister() {
+        GuestAllocations::Mutation().Remove(block + registeredOffset);
+        registered = false;
+    }
 
 private:
     std::uint8_t* block = nullptr;
+    std::size_t registeredOffset = 0;
+    bool registered = true;
 };
 
 std::array<std::uint32_t, 8> SurfaceDescriptor(std::uint64_t address, std::uint32_t swizzleMode, std::uint32_t type, std::uint32_t lastLayer) {
@@ -164,10 +174,10 @@ void Load(AgcDriver::VulkanDevice& device, std::span<const std::uint32_t> code,
     Dispatch(device, code, userData);
 }
 
-void LoadLayer(AgcDriver::VulkanDevice& device, std::uint64_t surface, std::uint32_t layer, std::uint32_t swizzleMode) {
+void LoadLayer(AgcDriver::VulkanDevice& device, std::uint64_t surface, std::uint32_t layer, std::uint32_t swizzleMode, std::uint32_t lastLayer = Layers - 1u) {
     auto& code = LoadCodes[layer];
     code = {0x7e020280, 0x7e040280u | layer, 0xf0001128, 0x00010300, 0x34080082, 0xbf8c3f70, 0xe0701000, 0x80000304, 0xbf810000};
-    Load(device, code, SurfaceDescriptor(surface, swizzleMode, Type2DArray, Layers - 1u));
+    Load(device, code, SurfaceDescriptor(surface, swizzleMode, Type2DArray, lastLayer));
 }
 
 void Sample2D(AgcDriver::VulkanDevice& device, std::uint64_t surface, std::uint32_t swizzleMode) {
@@ -181,23 +191,23 @@ void RequireOutput(std::uint32_t inside, std::uint32_t outside, const std::strin
     }
 }
 
-AgcDriver::Graphics::ColorTarget DecodeTarget(std::uint64_t address, std::uint32_t slice, std::uint32_t swizzleMode, bool collapsed) {
+AgcDriver::Graphics::ColorTarget DecodeTarget(std::uint64_t address, std::uint32_t slice, std::uint32_t swizzleMode, bool collapsed, std::uint32_t lastSlice) {
     AgcDriver::Registers cx;
     cx[0x318] = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(address >> 8u);
     cx[0x31b] = slice | (slice << 13u);
     cx[0x31c] = Color32FloatInfo;
     cx[0x31d] = 0;
     cx[0x3b0] = ((Side - 1u) << 14u) | (Side - 1u);
-    cx[0x3b8] = (TiledAttrib3 & ~(0x1fu << 14u)) | (swizzleMode << 14u) | (collapsed ? 0u : Layers - 1u);
+    cx[0x3b8] = (TiledAttrib3 & ~(0x1fu << 14u)) | (swizzleMode << 14u) | (collapsed ? 0u : lastSlice);
     cx[0x390] = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(address >> 40u);
     const auto color = AgcDriver::Graphics::DecodeColorBuffer(cx, 0);
     Require(color.format == VK_FORMAT_R32_SFLOAT && color.bytes == LayerBytes && color.address == address + slice * LayerBytes, "the COLOR_32 float view did not decode as a 128x128 R32 slice of the array");
     if (collapsed) Require(color.arrayAddress == 0 && color.arrayLastSlice == 0, "a collapsed slice view unexpectedly describes a whole array");
-    else Require(color.arrayAddress == address && color.arrayLastSlice == Layers - 1u && color.arraySlice == slice, "the color view did not keep its array and slice");
+    else Require(color.arrayAddress == address && color.arrayLastSlice == lastSlice && color.arraySlice == slice, "the color view did not keep its array and slice");
     return color;
 }
 
-void DrawSlice(AgcDriver::VulkanDevice& device, std::uint64_t surface, std::uint32_t slice, std::uint32_t swizzleMode, bool collapsed) {
+void DrawSlice(AgcDriver::VulkanDevice& device, std::uint64_t surface, std::uint32_t slice, std::uint32_t swizzleMode, bool collapsed, std::uint32_t lastSlice = Layers - 1u, std::uint32_t width = ScissorWidth) {
     const auto target = device.Target();
     constexpr std::uint32_t waveSize = 64;
     std::size_t at = 0;
@@ -224,7 +234,7 @@ void DrawSlice(AgcDriver::VulkanDevice& device, std::uint64_t surface, std::uint
     const auto vertexResult = ShaderRecompiler::Recompile(vertex);
     const auto vertexPush = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(vertexResult.pushConstants.size());
 
-    const auto color = DecodeTarget(surface, slice, swizzleMode, collapsed);
+    const auto color = DecodeTarget(surface, slice, swizzleMode, collapsed, lastSlice);
     VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState blend{};
     blend.colorWriteMask = 0xf;
     AgcDriver::Graphics::State state{};
@@ -236,7 +246,7 @@ void DrawSlice(AgcDriver::VulkanDevice& device, std::uint64_t surface, std::uint
     state.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;
     state.viewport = {0, static_cast<float>(Side), static_cast<float>(Side), -static_cast<float>(Side), 0, 1};
     state.negativeOneToOne = false;
-    state.scissor = {{0, 0}, {ScissorWidth, Side}};
+    state.scissor = {{0, 0}, {width, Side}};
     state.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_NONE;
     state.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE;
     state.blends = {blend};
@@ -290,6 +300,9 @@ void Run(AgcDriver::VulkanDevice& device, std::uint8_t* texels, std::uint32_t sw
     RequireOutput(drawn, Initial, "slice " + std::to_string(slice) + " uploaded again from guest memory");
     AgcDriver::Graphics::ClearCachedTextures(device.Device());
     SampleSliceZero(device, texels, swizzleMode);
+    OverlappingArrays(device, texels, swizzleMode);
+    OverlappingArrays(device, texels, swizzleMode, true);
+    OverlappingArrayLastSlice(device, texels, swizzleMode);
 }
 
 void SampleSliceZero(AgcDriver::VulkanDevice& device, std::uint8_t* texels, std::uint32_t swizzleMode) {
@@ -309,6 +322,140 @@ void SampleSliceZero(AgcDriver::VulkanDevice& device, std::uint8_t* texels, std:
     AgcDriver::Graphics::ClearCachedTextures(device.Device());
 }
 
+void OverlappingArrayLastSlice(AgcDriver::VulkanDevice& device, std::uint8_t* texels, std::uint32_t swizzleMode) {
+    const auto neighbourAddress = AddressOf(texels);
+    const auto surface = neighbourAddress + LayerBytes;
+    const auto cpuValue = std::bit_cast<std::uint32_t>(0.125f);
+    const auto drawn = std::bit_cast<std::uint32_t>(Drawn);
+    std::fill_n(reinterpret_cast<std::uint32_t*>(texels), SurfaceBytes / sizeof(std::uint32_t), Initial);
+    AgcDriver::GuestMemory::CollectWrites(neighbourAddress, SurfaceBytes);
+    AgcDriver::GuestMemory::BumpCollectEpoch();
+    DrawSlice(device, surface, 1u, swizzleMode, false, 1u);
+    DrawSlice(device, neighbourAddress, 1u, swizzleMode, false, 1u, Side);
+    const auto neighbour = StorageTexture::FindPending(neighbourAddress, 2u * LayerBytes);
+    Require(neighbour != nullptr && neighbour->Descriptor().baseAddress == neighbourAddress, "the preceding target has no pending results");
+    std::fill_n(reinterpret_cast<std::uint32_t*>(texels + 2u * LayerBytes), LayerBytes / sizeof(std::uint32_t), cpuValue);
+    AgcDriver::GuestMemory::CollectWrites(surface + LayerBytes, LayerBytes);
+    AgcDriver::GuestMemory::BumpCollectEpoch();
+    DrawSlice(device, surface, 1u, swizzleMode, false, 1u);
+    Require(StorageTexture::FindPending(neighbourAddress, 2u * LayerBytes) == neighbour, "CPU refresh of the last slice stored the preceding target's results");
+    LoadLayer(device, surface, 1u, swizzleMode, 1u);
+    RequireOutput(drawn, cpuValue, "the refreshed last slice keeps the CPU's untouched pixels");
+    LoadLayer(device, surface, 0u, swizzleMode, 1u);
+    RequireOutput(drawn, drawn, "the first slice sees the preceding target's pending results");
+    StorageTexture::FlushPending(neighbourAddress, SurfaceBytes, nullptr, "test");
+    device.WaitIdle();
+    AgcDriver::Graphics::ClearCachedTextures(device.Device());
+}
+
+void UnregisteredUnusedLayer(AgcDriver::VulkanDevice& device, std::uint32_t slice) {
+    GuestBlock block(LayerBytes, slice * LayerBytes);
+    auto* texels = block.Data();
+    const auto surface = AddressOf(texels);
+    const auto active = surface + slice * LayerBytes;
+    std::fill_n(reinterpret_cast<std::uint32_t*>(texels), SurfaceBytes / 4u, Initial);
+    AgcDriver::GuestMemory::CollectWrites(surface, SurfaceBytes);
+    AgcDriver::GuestMemory::BumpCollectEpoch();
+    DrawSlice(device, surface, slice, TileR64KBX, false);
+    Require(StorageTexture::FindPending(surface, SurfaceBytes) != nullptr, "the registered slice was not pending before its CPU write-back");
+    StorageTexture::FlushPending(active, LayerBytes, nullptr, "test");
+    device.WaitIdle();
+    const auto* first = reinterpret_cast<std::uint32_t*>(active);
+    const auto* last = reinterpret_cast<std::uint32_t*>(active + LayerBytes);
+    const auto unchanged = [](std::uint32_t value) { return value == Initial; };
+    const auto drawn = std::count(first, last, std::bit_cast<std::uint32_t>(Drawn));
+    const bool untouched = std::all_of(reinterpret_cast<const std::uint32_t*>(texels), first, unchanged) && std::all_of(last, reinterpret_cast<const std::uint32_t*>(texels + SurfaceBytes), unchanged);
+    AgcDriver::Graphics::ClearCachedTextures(device.Device());
+    Require(drawn == ScissorWidth * Side, "CPU write-back discarded the registered slice because an unused array slice was unregistered");
+    Require(untouched, "CPU write-back modified an unregistered unused slice");
+}
+
+void RetiredArrayLayer(AgcDriver::VulkanDevice& device) {
+    GuestBlock block(LayerBytes);
+    auto* texels = block.Data();
+    const auto surface = AddressOf(texels);
+    std::fill_n(reinterpret_cast<std::uint32_t*>(texels), SurfaceBytes / 4u, Initial);
+    AgcDriver::GuestMemory::CollectWrites(surface, SurfaceBytes);
+    AgcDriver::GuestMemory::BumpCollectEpoch();
+    DrawSlice(device, surface, 0u, TileR64KBX, false);
+    Require(StorageTexture::FindPending(surface, SurfaceBytes) != nullptr, "the retired slice was not pending before it was unregistered");
+    block.Unregister();
+    StorageTexture::FlushPending(surface, LayerBytes, nullptr, "test");
+    device.WaitIdle();
+    const bool untouched = std::all_of(reinterpret_cast<const std::uint32_t*>(texels), reinterpret_cast<const std::uint32_t*>(texels + SurfaceBytes), [](std::uint32_t value) { return value == Initial; });
+    AgcDriver::Graphics::ClearCachedTextures(device.Device());
+    Require(untouched, "CPU write-back stored results over a retired allocation");
+}
+
+void UncommittedUnusedLayers(AgcDriver::VulkanDevice& device, std::uint32_t slice) {
+    if (!AgcDriver::GuestMemory::WriteWatched()) return;
+    GuestBlock block(LayerBytes, slice * LayerBytes, false);
+    const auto surface = AddressOf(block.Data());
+    const auto active = surface + slice * LayerBytes;
+    auto* texels = reinterpret_cast<std::uint32_t*>(active);
+    std::fill_n(texels, LayerBytes / sizeof(std::uint32_t), Initial);
+    Require(AgcDriver::GuestMemory::CollectWrites(active, LayerBytes) != 0, "the committed array slice has no write history");
+    Require(AgcDriver::GuestMemory::CollectWritesUncached(surface, SurfaceBytes) == 0, "the uncommitted array fixture unexpectedly has complete backend write history");
+    Require(AgcDriver::GuestMemory::CollectWrites(surface, SurfaceBytes) == 0, "the unused array slices unexpectedly have complete write history");
+    AgcDriver::GuestMemory::BumpCollectEpoch();
+    DrawSlice(device, surface, slice, TileR64KBX, false);
+    const auto pending = StorageTexture::FindPending(surface, SurfaceBytes);
+    Require(pending != nullptr, "the committed array slice has no pending draw results");
+    Require(pending->GenerationFor(active, LayerBytes) != 0, "an uncommitted unused slice erased the active slice's write history");
+    const auto version = pending->Version();
+    for (unsigned repeat = 0; repeat < 3; ++repeat) {
+        AgcDriver::GuestMemory::BumpCollectEpoch();
+        Require(pending->RefreshLayers(slice, 1), "an unchanged committed slice was uploaded again");
+        Require(pending->GenerationFor(active, LayerBytes) != 0 && pending->Version() == version, "repeated refresh erased the committed slice's write history");
+        Require(StorageTexture::FindPending(surface, SurfaceBytes) == pending, "refresh settled unchanged GPU results for an uncommitted unused slice");
+    }
+    const auto cpu = std::bit_cast<std::uint32_t>(0.125f);
+    std::fill_n(texels, LayerBytes / sizeof(std::uint32_t), cpu);
+    AgcDriver::GuestMemory::BumpCollectEpoch();
+    Require(!pending->RefreshLayers(slice, 1), "the active array slice ignored a genuine CPU write");
+    LoadLayer(device, surface, slice, TileR64KBX);
+    RequireOutput(cpu, cpu, "a committed array slice after a genuine CPU write");
+    DrawSlice(device, surface, slice, TileR64KBX, false);
+    StorageTexture::FlushPending(active, LayerBytes, nullptr, "test");
+    device.WaitIdle();
+    Require(std::count(texels, texels + LayerBytes / sizeof(std::uint32_t), std::bit_cast<std::uint32_t>(Drawn)) == ScissorWidth * Side, "write-back lost results in the committed array slice");
+    AgcDriver::Graphics::ClearCachedTextures(device.Device());
+}
+
+void OverlappingArrays(AgcDriver::VulkanDevice& device, std::uint8_t* texels, std::uint32_t swizzleMode, bool cpuWrite) {
+    const auto surface = AddressOf(texels);
+    const auto next = surface + LayerBytes;
+    const auto drawn = std::bit_cast<std::uint32_t>(Drawn);
+    std::fill_n(reinterpret_cast<std::uint32_t*>(texels), SurfaceBytes / 4u, Initial);
+    AgcDriver::GuestMemory::CollectWrites(surface, SurfaceBytes);
+    AgcDriver::GuestMemory::BumpCollectEpoch();
+    DrawSlice(device, surface, 0, swizzleMode, false, 1u);
+    DrawSlice(device, next, 0, swizzleMode, false, 1u, Side);
+    const auto neighbour = StorageTexture::FindPending(next, 2u * LayerBytes);
+    Require(neighbour != nullptr && neighbour->Descriptor().baseAddress == next && neighbour->Descriptor().dimension == TextureDimension::k2DArray, "the next target did not render into the image of its own array");
+    if (cpuWrite) {
+        std::fill_n(reinterpret_cast<std::uint32_t*>(texels), LayerBytes / sizeof(std::uint32_t), std::bit_cast<std::uint32_t>(0.125f));
+        AgcDriver::GuestMemory::CollectWrites(surface, LayerBytes);
+        AgcDriver::GuestMemory::BumpCollectEpoch();
+    }
+    DrawSlice(device, surface, 0, swizzleMode, false, 1u);
+    Require(StorageTexture::FindPending(next, 2u * LayerBytes) == neighbour, "a draw into slice 0 of the first array stored the next target's results, which only its unused second slice overlaps");
+    Sample2D(device, surface, swizzleMode);
+    RequireOutput(drawn, cpuWrite ? std::bit_cast<std::uint32_t>(0.125f) : Initial, "slice 0 of the first array sampled as a 2D texture after both draws");
+    Require(StorageTexture::FindPending(next, 2u * LayerBytes) == neighbour, "a 2D texture over slice 0 of the first array stored the next target's results, which only its unused second slice overlaps");
+    LoadLayer(device, next, 0, swizzleMode, 1u);
+    RequireOutput(drawn, drawn, "slice 0 of the next array after the draw into the first");
+    LoadLayer(device, surface, 1, swizzleMode, 1u);
+    RequireOutput(drawn, drawn, "slice 1 of the first array (the next target's slice 0) read while the next target's results were pending");
+    LoadLayer(device, surface, 0, swizzleMode, 1u);
+    RequireOutput(drawn, cpuWrite ? std::bit_cast<std::uint32_t>(0.125f) : Initial, "slice 0 of the first array after both draws");
+    LoadLayer(device, next, 1, swizzleMode, 1u);
+    RequireOutput(Initial, Initial, "slice 1 of the next array, which nothing drew");
+    StorageTexture::FlushPending(surface, SurfaceBytes, nullptr, "test");
+    device.WaitIdle();
+    AgcDriver::Graphics::ClearCachedTextures(device.Device());
+}
+
 }
 
 int main() {
@@ -319,6 +466,11 @@ int main() {
         Run(*device, block.Data(), TileR64KBX);
         Run(*device, block.Data(), static_cast<std::uint32_t>(AgcDriver::Graphics::ColorTileMode::D64KBX));
         for (std::uint32_t slice = 1; slice < Layers; ++slice) Run(*device, block.Data(), TileR64KBX, true, slice);
+        UnregisteredUnusedLayer(*device, 0u);
+        UnregisteredUnusedLayer(*device, Layers - 1u);
+        RetiredArrayLayer(*device);
+        UncommittedUnusedLayers(*device, 0u);
+        UncommittedUnusedLayers(*device, Layers - 1u);
         std::puts("array layer target tests passed");
         return 0;
     } catch (const std::exception& error) {