From 0987743d05ff13bba5c61c9fd0118c30caa22d64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: seonghobae <8172694+seonghobae@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Aug 2026 22:00:11 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 01/14] =?UTF-8?q?=F0=9F=9B=A1=EF=B8=8F=20Sentinel:=20[CRIT?=
 =?UTF-8?q?ICAL]=20Fix=20SQL=20injection=20vulnerability=20in=20ERDModel?=
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🚨 Severity: CRITICAL
💡 Vulnerability: SQL 인젝션 공격이 가능하도록 타입과 기본값 검증이 누락되었고, 상태에 대한 직접적인 객체 참조 반환으로 내부 검증 우회가 가능했습니다.
🎯 Impact: 악의적인 DDL 생성을 통한 시스템 손상
🔧 Fix: SAFE_SQL_TYPE과 SAFE_SQL_DEFAULT_VALUE 정규식을 통한 입력값 검증 추가 및 깊은 복사(Deep Copy)를 통한 상태 반환으로 캡슐화 보완
✅ Verification: vitest로 테스트 커버리지 100% 확인 및 수동 테스트 진행
---
 .jules/sentinel.md               |   5 +
 packages/web/src/lib/erd.test.ts | 397 ++++++++++++++++++-------------
 packages/web/src/lib/erd.ts      | 134 +++++++----
 3 files changed, 316 insertions(+), 220 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.jules/sentinel.md b/.jules/sentinel.md
index 05da88a1..980960e3 100644
--- a/.jules/sentinel.md
+++ b/.jules/sentinel.md
@@ -20,3 +20,8 @@
 **Vulnerability:** The standard user authentication routes (login, register, and reset-password) did not have a maximum length constraint on passwords. This allows an attacker to supply extremely long strings, which `bcrypt` will try to hash, causing CPU exhaustion and creating a Denial of Service (DoS) vulnerability.
 **Learning:** `bcrypt` (and `bcryptjs`) is intentionally slow. While `bcrypt` may internally truncate passwords to 72 bytes, depending on the implementation the input string processing itself or the full string parsing before truncation can be very costly. In this codebase, the admin authentication correctly checked for a max length, but user schemas did not.
 **Prevention:** Always enforce a maximum string length limit (e.g. `.max(1024)`) on user inputs that will be passed into expensive algorithms like bcrypt hashing.
+
+## 2025-02-18 - [ERD 모델의 SQL 인젝션 및 상태 변이 우회 취약점 수정]
+**Vulnerability:** `ERDModel` 클래스에서 컬럼 타입 및 기본값에 대한 정규식 검증이 누락되어 악의적인 SQL 문법이 삽입될 수 있었으며, 내부 상태 객체(테이블)가 직접 반환되어 검증 로직을 우회하여 상태 변이가 발생할 수 있었습니다.
+**Learning:** DDL 생성 시 자유 텍스트나 타입 입력이 포함될 때는 반드시 허용 목록(Allowlist) 기반 정규식을 사용해야 하며, 객체 상태를 반환할 때는 캡슐화를 보장하기 위해 깊은 복사(Deep Copy)를 수행해야 검증 우회를 방지할 수 있습니다.
+**Prevention:** 정규식(예: `SAFE_SQL_TYPE`, `SAFE_SQL_DEFAULT_VALUE`)을 도입하여 타입과 기본값을 검증하고, 객체를 반환할 때 `JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(table))`를 사용하여 원본 참조를 숨깁니다.
diff --git a/packages/web/src/lib/erd.test.ts b/packages/web/src/lib/erd.test.ts
index 0ddcf189..f8a9bacc 100644
--- a/packages/web/src/lib/erd.test.ts
+++ b/packages/web/src/lib/erd.test.ts
@@ -1,188 +1,247 @@
-import { describe, expect, it, beforeEach } from 'vitest'
-import { ERDModel } from './erd'
+import { describe, expect, it, beforeEach } from "vitest";
+import { ERDModel } from "./erd";
 
-describe('ERDModel', () => {
-  let model: ERDModel
+describe("ERDModel", () => {
+  let model: ERDModel;
 
   beforeEach(() => {
-    model = new ERDModel()
-  })
-
-  describe('Table Management', () => {
-    it('should add a new table', () => {
-      const table = model.addTable('users')
-      expect(table.name).toBe('users')
-      expect(model.getTables().length).toBe(1)
-      expect(model.getTable('users')).toBe(table)
-    })
-
-    it('should throw when adding duplicate table', () => {
-      model.addTable('users')
-      expect(() => model.addTable('users')).toThrowError("Table 'users' already exists.")
-    })
-
-    it('should reject non-snake-case table names', () => {
-      expect(() => model.addTable('UserProfiles')).toThrowError(
-        "Table 'UserProfiles' must be snake_case."
-      )
-      expect(() => model.addTable('user-profiles')).toThrowError(
-        "Table 'user-profiles' must be snake_case."
-      )
-    })
-
-    it('should return undefined for non-existent table', () => {
-      expect(model.getTable('non_existent')).toBeUndefined()
-    })
-  })
-
-  describe('Column Management', () => {
-    it('should add a column to an existing table', () => {
-      model.addTable('users')
-      model.addColumn('users', { name: 'id', type: 'integer' })
-      const table = model.getTable('users')
-      expect(table?.columns.length).toBe(1)
-      expect(table?.columns[0].name).toBe('id')
-    })
-
-    it('should throw when adding a column to a non-existent table', () => {
+    model = new ERDModel();
+  });
+
+  describe("Table Management", () => {
+    it("should add a new table", () => {
+      const table = model.addTable("users");
+      expect(table.name).toBe("users");
+      expect(model.getTables().length).toBe(1);
+      expect(model.getTable("users")).toStrictEqual(table);
+    });
+
+    it("should return a deep copy to prevent mutation bypass", () => {
+      const table = model.addTable("users");
+      table.name = "hacked";
+      expect(model.getTable("users")?.name).toBe("users");
+    });
+
+    it("should throw when adding duplicate table", () => {
+      model.addTable("users");
+      expect(() => model.addTable("users")).toThrowError(
+        "Table 'users' already exists.",
+      );
+    });
+
+    it("should reject non-snake-case table names", () => {
+      expect(() => model.addTable("UserProfiles")).toThrowError(
+        "Table 'UserProfiles' must be snake_case.",
+      );
+      expect(() => model.addTable("user-profiles")).toThrowError(
+        "Table 'user-profiles' must be snake_case.",
+      );
+    });
+
+    it("should return undefined for non-existent table", () => {
+      expect(model.getTable("non_existent")).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("Column Management", () => {
+    it("should add a column to an existing table", () => {
+      model.addTable("users");
+      model.addColumn("users", { name: "id", type: "integer" });
+      const table = model.getTable("users");
+      expect(table?.columns.length).toBe(1);
+      expect(table?.columns[0].name).toBe("id");
+    });
+
+    it("should throw when adding a column to a non-existent table", () => {
+      expect(() =>
+        model.addColumn("non_existent", { name: "id", type: "integer" }),
+      ).toThrowError("Table 'non_existent' does not exist.");
+    });
+
+    it("should throw when adding a duplicate column to a table", () => {
+      model.addTable("users");
+      model.addColumn("users", { name: "id", type: "integer" });
       expect(() =>
-        model.addColumn('non_existent', { name: 'id', type: 'integer' })
-      ).toThrowError("Table 'non_existent' does not exist.")
-    })
+        model.addColumn("users", { name: "id", type: "string" }),
+      ).toThrowError("Column 'id' already exists in table 'users'.");
+    });
 
-    it('should throw when adding a duplicate column to a table', () => {
-      model.addTable('users')
-      model.addColumn('users', { name: 'id', type: 'integer' })
+    it("should reject non-snake-case column names", () => {
+      model.addTable("users");
       expect(() =>
-        model.addColumn('users', { name: 'id', type: 'string' })
-      ).toThrowError("Column 'id' already exists in table 'users'.")
-    })
+        model.addColumn("users", { name: "createdAt", type: "timestamp" }),
+      ).toThrowError("Column 'createdAt' must be snake_case.");
+      expect(() =>
+        model.addColumn("users", { name: "created__at", type: "timestamp" }),
+      ).toThrowError("Column 'created__at' must be snake_case.");
+    });
 
-    it('should reject non-snake-case column names', () => {
-      model.addTable('users')
+    it("should reject unsafe SQL types", () => {
+      model.addTable("users");
       expect(() =>
-        model.addColumn('users', { name: 'createdAt', type: 'timestamp' })
-      ).toThrowError("Column 'createdAt' must be snake_case.")
+        model.addColumn("users", {
+          name: "id",
+          type: "INT; DROP TABLE users;",
+        }),
+      ).toThrowError("Unsafe SQL type: 'INT; DROP TABLE users;'");
+    });
+
+    it("should reject unsafe default values", () => {
+      model.addTable("users");
       expect(() =>
-        model.addColumn('users', { name: 'created__at', type: 'timestamp' })
-      ).toThrowError("Column 'created__at' must be snake_case.")
-    })
-  })
+        model.addColumn("users", {
+          name: "id",
+          type: "INT",
+          defaultValue: "1; DROP TABLE users;",
+        }),
+      ).toThrowError("Unsafe default value: '1; DROP TABLE users;'");
+    });
+  });
 
-  describe('Foreign Key Management', () => {
+  describe("Foreign Key Management", () => {
     beforeEach(() => {
-      model.addTable('users')
-      model.addColumn('users', { name: 'id', type: 'integer' })
-      model.addTable('posts')
-      model.addColumn('posts', { name: 'id', type: 'integer' })
-      model.addColumn('posts', { name: 'user_id', type: 'integer' })
-    })
-
-    it('should add a foreign key successfully', () => {
-      model.addForeignKey('posts', {
-        columnName: 'user_id',
-        referenceTable: 'users',
-        referenceColumn: 'id',
-      })
-      const postsTable = model.getTable('posts')
-      expect(postsTable?.foreignKeys.length).toBe(1)
-      expect(postsTable?.foreignKeys[0].referenceTable).toBe('users')
-    })
-
-    it('should throw when adding foreign key to non-existent table', () => {
+      model.addTable("users");
+      model.addColumn("users", { name: "id", type: "integer" });
+      model.addTable("posts");
+      model.addColumn("posts", { name: "id", type: "integer" });
+      model.addColumn("posts", { name: "user_id", type: "integer" });
+    });
+
+    it("should add a foreign key successfully", () => {
+      model.addForeignKey("posts", {
+        columnName: "user_id",
+        referenceTable: "users",
+        referenceColumn: "id",
+      });
+      const postsTable = model.getTable("posts");
+      expect(postsTable?.foreignKeys.length).toBe(1);
+      expect(postsTable?.foreignKeys[0].referenceTable).toBe("users");
+    });
+
+    it("should throw when adding foreign key to non-existent table", () => {
       expect(() => {
-        model.addForeignKey('non_existent', {
-          columnName: 'user_id',
-          referenceTable: 'users',
-          referenceColumn: 'id',
-        })
-      }).toThrowError("Table 'non_existent' does not exist.")
-    })
-
-    it('should throw when foreign key column does not exist', () => {
+        model.addForeignKey("non_existent", {
+          columnName: "user_id",
+          referenceTable: "users",
+          referenceColumn: "id",
+        });
+      }).toThrowError("Table 'non_existent' does not exist.");
+    });
+
+    it("should throw when foreign key column does not exist", () => {
       expect(() => {
-        model.addForeignKey('posts', {
-          columnName: 'non_existent_col',
-          referenceTable: 'users',
-          referenceColumn: 'id',
-        })
-      }).toThrowError("Column 'non_existent_col' does not exist in table 'posts'.")
-    })
-
-    it('should throw when reference table does not exist', () => {
+        model.addForeignKey("posts", {
+          columnName: "non_existent_col",
+          referenceTable: "users",
+          referenceColumn: "id",
+        });
+      }).toThrowError(
+        "Column 'non_existent_col' does not exist in table 'posts'.",
+      );
+    });
+
+    it("should throw when reference table does not exist", () => {
       expect(() => {
-        model.addForeignKey('posts', {
-          columnName: 'user_id',
-          referenceTable: 'non_existent_ref',
-          referenceColumn: 'id',
-        })
-      }).toThrowError("Reference table 'non_existent_ref' does not exist.")
-    })
-
-    it('should throw when reference column does not exist in reference table', () => {
+        model.addForeignKey("posts", {
+          columnName: "user_id",
+          referenceTable: "non_existent_ref",
+          referenceColumn: "id",
+        });
+      }).toThrowError("Reference table 'non_existent_ref' does not exist.");
+    });
+
+    it("should throw when reference column does not exist in reference table", () => {
       expect(() => {
-        model.addForeignKey('posts', {
-          columnName: 'user_id',
-          referenceTable: 'users',
-          referenceColumn: 'non_existent_col',
-        })
-      }).toThrowError("Reference column 'non_existent_col' does not exist in table 'users'.")
-    })
-
-    it('should reject non-snake-case foreign key object names', () => {
+        model.addForeignKey("posts", {
+          columnName: "user_id",
+          referenceTable: "users",
+          referenceColumn: "non_existent_col",
+        });
+      }).toThrowError(
+        "Reference column 'non_existent_col' does not exist in table 'users'.",
+      );
+    });
+
+    it("should reject non-snake-case foreign key object names", () => {
       expect(() => {
-        model.addForeignKey('posts', {
-          columnName: 'userId',
-          referenceTable: 'users',
-          referenceColumn: 'id',
-        })
-      }).toThrowError("Column 'userId' must be snake_case.")
+        model.addForeignKey("posts", {
+          columnName: "userId",
+          referenceTable: "users",
+          referenceColumn: "id",
+        });
+      }).toThrowError("Column 'userId' must be snake_case.");
 
       expect(() => {
-        model.addForeignKey('posts', {
-          columnName: 'user_id',
-          referenceTable: 'UserProfiles',
-          referenceColumn: 'id',
-        })
-      }).toThrowError("Reference table 'UserProfiles' must be snake_case.")
-    })
-  })
-
-  describe('DDL Generation', () => {
-    it('should generate empty string if no tables exist', () => {
-      expect(model.generateDDL()).toBe('')
-    })
-
-    it('should generate correct DDL for simple table', () => {
-      model.addTable('users')
-      model.addColumn('users', { name: 'id', type: 'SERIAL', isPrimaryKey: true })
-      model.addColumn('users', { name: 'name', type: 'VARCHAR(255)', isNullable: false })
-      model.addColumn('users', { name: 'bio', type: 'TEXT' })
-
-      const ddl = model.generateDDL()
+        model.addForeignKey("posts", {
+          columnName: "user_id",
+          referenceTable: "UserProfiles",
+          referenceColumn: "id",
+        });
+      }).toThrowError("Reference table 'UserProfiles' must be snake_case.");
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("DDL Generation", () => {
+    it("should generate empty string if no tables exist", () => {
+      expect(model.generateDDL()).toBe("");
+    });
+
+    it("should generate correct DDL for simple table", () => {
+      model.addTable("users");
+      model.addColumn("users", {
+        name: "id",
+        type: "SERIAL",
+        isPrimaryKey: true,
+      });
+      model.addColumn("users", {
+        name: "name",
+        type: "VARCHAR(255)",
+        isNullable: false,
+      });
+      model.addColumn("users", { name: "bio", type: "TEXT" });
+      model.addColumn("users", {
+        name: "status",
+        type: "VARCHAR(20)",
+        defaultValue: "'active'",
+      });
+
+      const ddl = model.generateDDL();
       const expected = `CREATE TABLE users (
   id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
   name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
-  bio TEXT
-);`
-      expect(ddl).toBe(expected)
-    })
-
-    it('should generate correct DDL for multiple tables with foreign keys', () => {
-      model.addTable('users')
-      model.addColumn('users', { name: 'id', type: 'SERIAL', isPrimaryKey: true })
-
-      model.addTable('posts')
-      model.addColumn('posts', { name: 'id', type: 'SERIAL', isPrimaryKey: true })
-      model.addColumn('posts', { name: 'user_id', type: 'INTEGER', isNullable: false })
-
-      model.addForeignKey('posts', {
-        columnName: 'user_id',
-        referenceTable: 'users',
-        referenceColumn: 'id',
-      })
-
-      const ddl = model.generateDDL()
+  bio TEXT,
+  status VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'active'
+);`;
+      expect(ddl).toBe(expected);
+    });
+
+    it("should generate correct DDL for multiple tables with foreign keys", () => {
+      model.addTable("users");
+      model.addColumn("users", {
+        name: "id",
+        type: "SERIAL",
+        isPrimaryKey: true,
+      });
+
+      model.addTable("posts");
+      model.addColumn("posts", {
+        name: "id",
+        type: "SERIAL",
+        isPrimaryKey: true,
+      });
+      model.addColumn("posts", {
+        name: "user_id",
+        type: "INTEGER",
+        isNullable: false,
+      });
+
+      model.addForeignKey("posts", {
+        columnName: "user_id",
+        referenceTable: "users",
+        referenceColumn: "id",
+      });
+
+      const ddl = model.generateDDL();
       const expected = `CREATE TABLE users (
   id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY
 );
@@ -191,8 +250,8 @@ CREATE TABLE posts (
   id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
   user_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
   FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users(id)
-);`
-      expect(ddl).toBe(expected)
-    })
-  })
-})
+);`;
+      expect(ddl).toBe(expected);
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/packages/web/src/lib/erd.ts b/packages/web/src/lib/erd.ts
index 046a09c5..9591b09a 100644
--- a/packages/web/src/lib/erd.ts
+++ b/packages/web/src/lib/erd.ts
@@ -1,111 +1,143 @@
 export interface Column {
-  name: string
-  type: string
-  isPrimaryKey?: boolean
-  isNullable?: boolean
+  name: string;
+  type: string;
+  isPrimaryKey?: boolean;
+  isNullable?: boolean;
+  defaultValue?: string;
 }
 
 export interface ForeignKey {
-  columnName: string
-  referenceTable: string
-  referenceColumn: string
+  columnName: string;
+  referenceTable: string;
+  referenceColumn: string;
 }
 
 export interface Table {
-  name: string
-  columns: Column[]
-  foreignKeys: ForeignKey[]
+  name: string;
+  columns: Column[];
+  foreignKeys: ForeignKey[];
 }
 
-const SNAKE_CASE_IDENTIFIER = /^[a-z][a-z0-9]*(?:_[a-z0-9]+)*$/
+const SNAKE_CASE_IDENTIFIER = /^[a-z][a-z0-9]*(?:_[a-z0-9]+)*$/;
 
 function assertSnakeCaseIdentifier(kind: string, name: string): void {
   if (!SNAKE_CASE_IDENTIFIER.test(name)) {
-    throw new Error(`${kind} '${name}' must be snake_case.`)
+    throw new Error(`${kind} '${name}' must be snake_case.`);
+  }
+}
+
+const SAFE_SQL_TYPE =
+  /^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+(?:\([0-9]+(?:,\s*[0-9]+)?\))?(?:\s+[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)*$/;
+const SAFE_SQL_DEFAULT_VALUE =
+  /^([a-zA-Z0-9_]+(?:\(\))?|'[^']*'|-?[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)?)$/;
+
+function assertSafeSQLType(type: string): void {
+  if (!SAFE_SQL_TYPE.test(type)) {
+    throw new Error(`Unsafe SQL type: '${type}'`);
+  }
+}
+
+function assertSafeDefaultValue(value: string): void {
+  if (!SAFE_SQL_DEFAULT_VALUE.test(value)) {
+    throw new Error(`Unsafe default value: '${value}'`);
   }
 }
 
 export class ERDModel {
-  private tables: Map<string, Table> = new Map()
+  private tables: Map<string, Table> = new Map();
 
   addTable(name: string): Table {
-    assertSnakeCaseIdentifier('Table', name)
+    assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Table", name);
     if (this.tables.has(name)) {
-      throw new Error(`Table '${name}' already exists.`)
+      throw new Error(`Table '${name}' already exists.`);
     }
-    const table: Table = { name, columns: [], foreignKeys: [] }
-    this.tables.set(name, table)
-    return table
+    const table: Table = { name, columns: [], foreignKeys: [] };
+    this.tables.set(name, table);
+    return JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(table));
   }
 
   getTable(name: string): Table | undefined {
-    return this.tables.get(name)
+    const table = this.tables.get(name);
+    return table ? JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(table)) : undefined;
   }
 
   getTables(): Table[] {
-    return Array.from(this.tables.values())
+    return Array.from(this.tables.values()).map((table) =>
+      JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(table)),
+    );
   }
 
   addColumn(tableName: string, column: Column): void {
-    assertSnakeCaseIdentifier('Table', tableName)
-    assertSnakeCaseIdentifier('Column', column.name)
-    const table = this.tables.get(tableName)
+    assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Table", tableName);
+    assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Column", column.name);
+    assertSafeSQLType(column.type);
+    if (column.defaultValue !== undefined) {
+      assertSafeDefaultValue(column.defaultValue);
+    }
+    const table = this.tables.get(tableName);
     if (!table) {
-      throw new Error(`Table '${tableName}' does not exist.`)
+      throw new Error(`Table '${tableName}' does not exist.`);
     }
     if (table.columns.some((c) => c.name === column.name)) {
-      throw new Error(`Column '${column.name}' already exists in table '${tableName}'.`)
+      throw new Error(
+        `Column '${column.name}' already exists in table '${tableName}'.`,
+      );
     }
-    table.columns.push(column)
+    table.columns.push(column);
   }
 
   addForeignKey(tableName: string, fk: ForeignKey): void {
-    assertSnakeCaseIdentifier('Table', tableName)
-    assertSnakeCaseIdentifier('Column', fk.columnName)
-    assertSnakeCaseIdentifier('Reference table', fk.referenceTable)
-    assertSnakeCaseIdentifier('Reference column', fk.referenceColumn)
-    const table = this.tables.get(tableName)
+    assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Table", tableName);
+    assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Column", fk.columnName);
+    assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Reference table", fk.referenceTable);
+    assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Reference column", fk.referenceColumn);
+    const table = this.tables.get(tableName);
     if (!table) {
-      throw new Error(`Table '${tableName}' does not exist.`)
+      throw new Error(`Table '${tableName}' does not exist.`);
     }
     if (!table.columns.some((c) => c.name === fk.columnName)) {
-      throw new Error(`Column '${fk.columnName}' does not exist in table '${tableName}'.`)
+      throw new Error(
+        `Column '${fk.columnName}' does not exist in table '${tableName}'.`,
+      );
     }
-    const refTable = this.tables.get(fk.referenceTable)
+    const refTable = this.tables.get(fk.referenceTable);
     if (!refTable) {
-      throw new Error(`Reference table '${fk.referenceTable}' does not exist.`)
+      throw new Error(`Reference table '${fk.referenceTable}' does not exist.`);
     }
     if (!refTable.columns.some((c) => c.name === fk.referenceColumn)) {
       throw new Error(
-        `Reference column '${fk.referenceColumn}' does not exist in table '${fk.referenceTable}'.`
-      )
+        `Reference column '${fk.referenceColumn}' does not exist in table '${fk.referenceTable}'.`,
+      );
     }
-    table.foreignKeys.push(fk)
+    table.foreignKeys.push(fk);
   }
 
   generateDDL(): string {
-    let ddl = ''
+    let ddl = "";
     for (const table of this.tables.values()) {
-      ddl += `CREATE TABLE ${table.name} (\n`
+      ddl += `CREATE TABLE ${table.name} (\n`;
       const columnDefs = table.columns.map((col) => {
-        let def = `  ${col.name} ${col.type}`
+        let def = `  ${col.name} ${col.type}`;
         if (col.isPrimaryKey) {
-          def += ' PRIMARY KEY'
+          def += " PRIMARY KEY";
         }
         if (col.isNullable === false) {
-          def += ' NOT NULL'
+          def += " NOT NULL";
+        }
+        if (col.defaultValue !== undefined) {
+          def += ` DEFAULT ${col.defaultValue}`;
         }
-        return def
-      })
+        return def;
+      });
 
       const fkDefs = table.foreignKeys.map((fk) => {
-        return `  FOREIGN KEY (${fk.columnName}) REFERENCES ${fk.referenceTable}(${fk.referenceColumn})`
-      })
+        return `  FOREIGN KEY (${fk.columnName}) REFERENCES ${fk.referenceTable}(${fk.referenceColumn})`;
+      });
 
-      const allDefs = [...columnDefs, ...fkDefs]
-      ddl += allDefs.join(',\n')
-      ddl += '\n);\n\n'
+      const allDefs = [...columnDefs, ...fkDefs];
+      ddl += allDefs.join(",\n");
+      ddl += "\n);\n\n";
     }
-    return ddl.trim()
+    return ddl.trim();
   }
 }

From 656a082fa6967daac8cb1c1d642c5b8f403aeac5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Seongho Bae <me@seonghobae.me>
Date: Fri, 7 Aug 2026 06:28:53 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 02/14] test(security): reject SQL grammar smuggling

---
 packages/web/src/lib/erd.security.test.ts | 74 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 74 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 packages/web/src/lib/erd.security.test.ts

diff --git a/packages/web/src/lib/erd.security.test.ts b/packages/web/src/lib/erd.security.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5aa929a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/web/src/lib/erd.security.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import { ERDModel } from "./erd";
+
+describe("ERDModel SQL grammar boundaries", () => {
+  it("rejects constraints smuggled through the type slot", () => {
+    const model = new ERDModel();
+    model.addTable("security_events");
+
+    for (const type of [
+      "INTEGER PRIMARY KEY",
+      "TEXT NOT NULL",
+      "INTEGER REFERENCES admin_users(id)",
+    ]) {
+      expect(() =>
+        model.addColumn("security_events", {
+          name: "security_value",
+          type,
+        }),
+      ).toThrowError(`Unsafe SQL type: '${type}'`);
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("accepts explicitly supported multi-word SQL type syntax", () => {
+    const model = new ERDModel();
+    model.addTable("measurement_events");
+
+    model.addColumn("measurement_events", {
+      name: "reading_value",
+      type: "DOUBLE PRECISION",
+    });
+    model.addColumn("measurement_events", {
+      name: "recorded_at",
+      type: "TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE",
+    });
+
+    expect(model.getTable("measurement_events")?.columns).toHaveLength(2);
+  });
+
+  it("rejects arbitrary function execution in default values", () => {
+    const model = new ERDModel();
+    model.addTable("audit_events");
+
+    expect(() =>
+      model.addColumn("audit_events", {
+        name: "created_at",
+        type: "TIMESTAMP",
+        defaultValue: "dangerous_function()",
+      }),
+    ).toThrowError("Unsafe default value: 'dangerous_function()'");
+  });
+
+  it("accepts safe built-in and scalar default values", () => {
+    const model = new ERDModel();
+    model.addTable("audit_events");
+
+    model.addColumn("audit_events", {
+      name: "created_at",
+      type: "TIMESTAMP",
+      defaultValue: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
+    });
+    model.addColumn("audit_events", {
+      name: "retry_count",
+      type: "INTEGER",
+      defaultValue: "0",
+    });
+    model.addColumn("audit_events", {
+      name: "is_visible",
+      type: "BOOLEAN",
+      defaultValue: "TRUE",
+    });
+
+    expect(model.getTable("audit_events")?.columns).toHaveLength(3);
+  });
+});

From d4d0f57ecc1ec4eba4c4e8ba7f910a9224db4670 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Seongho Bae <me@seonghobae.me>
Date: Fri, 7 Aug 2026 06:29:21 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 03/14] test(security): cover validated input mutation bypass

---
 packages/web/src/lib/erd.security.test.ts | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+)

diff --git a/packages/web/src/lib/erd.security.test.ts b/packages/web/src/lib/erd.security.test.ts
index 5aa929a8..677e2fb3 100644
--- a/packages/web/src/lib/erd.security.test.ts
+++ b/packages/web/src/lib/erd.security.test.ts
@@ -71,4 +71,35 @@ describe("ERDModel SQL grammar boundaries", () => {
 
     expect(model.getTable("audit_events")?.columns).toHaveLength(3);
   });
+
+  it("copies validated column input before storing it", () => {
+    const model = new ERDModel();
+    model.addTable("account_records");
+    const column = { name: "account_id", type: "INTEGER" };
+
+    model.addColumn("account_records", column);
+    column.type = "INTEGER PRIMARY KEY";
+
+    expect(model.getTable("account_records")?.columns[0].type).toBe("INTEGER");
+  });
+
+  it("copies validated foreign-key input before storing it", () => {
+    const model = new ERDModel();
+    model.addTable("account_records");
+    model.addColumn("account_records", { name: "account_id", type: "INTEGER" });
+    model.addTable("audit_events");
+    model.addColumn("audit_events", { name: "account_id", type: "INTEGER" });
+    const foreignKey = {
+      columnName: "account_id",
+      referenceTable: "account_records",
+      referenceColumn: "account_id",
+    };
+
+    model.addForeignKey("audit_events", foreignKey);
+    foreignKey.referenceTable = "mutated_target";
+
+    expect(model.getTable("audit_events")?.foreignKeys[0].referenceTable).toBe(
+      "account_records",
+    );
+  });
 });

From 43583b3dcbdd62d4107cbb770eaee05930dc4cd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Seongho Bae <me@seonghobae.me>
Date: Fri, 7 Aug 2026 06:30:12 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 04/14] fix(security): constrain DDL grammar and copy validated
 inputs

---
 packages/web/src/lib/erd.ts | 74 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 62 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/web/src/lib/erd.ts b/packages/web/src/lib/erd.ts
index 9591b09a..dcf48ef2 100644
--- a/packages/web/src/lib/erd.ts
+++ b/packages/web/src/lib/erd.ts
@@ -1,20 +1,31 @@
 export interface Column {
+  /** SQL identifier for the column. */
   name: string;
+  /** Data-type declaration only; constraints belong to the dedicated flags. */
   type: string;
+  /** Whether the column is part of the primary key. */
   isPrimaryKey?: boolean;
+  /** Whether the column accepts NULL values. */
   isNullable?: boolean;
+  /** Optional allow-listed SQL scalar or built-in default expression. */
   defaultValue?: string;
 }
 
 export interface ForeignKey {
+  /** Local column participating in the relationship. */
   columnName: string;
+  /** Referenced table name. */
   referenceTable: string;
+  /** Referenced column name. */
   referenceColumn: string;
 }
 
 export interface Table {
+  /** SQL table identifier. */
   name: string;
+  /** Columns owned by the table. */
   columns: Column[];
+  /** Foreign-key relationships owned by the table. */
   foreignKeys: ForeignKey[];
 }
 
@@ -26,13 +37,30 @@ function assertSnakeCaseIdentifier(kind: string, name: string): void {
   }
 }
 
-const SAFE_SQL_TYPE =
-  /^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+(?:\([0-9]+(?:,\s*[0-9]+)?\))?(?:\s+[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)*$/;
-const SAFE_SQL_DEFAULT_VALUE =
-  /^([a-zA-Z0-9_]+(?:\(\))?|'[^']*'|-?[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)?)$/;
+// SQL data types cannot be bound as prepared-statement values, so this module
+// accepts a deliberately small grammar instead of interpolating arbitrary text.
+// A single identifier supports built-in and project-defined type names, with an
+// optional numeric precision/length clause. Multi-word syntax is limited to
+// well-known data-type forms rather than accepting general SQL token streams.
+const SAFE_SINGLE_WORD_SQL_TYPE =
+  /^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]*(?:\([0-9]{1,5}(?:,\s*[0-9]{1,5})?\))?(?:\[\])?$/;
+const SAFE_MULTI_WORD_SQL_TYPES = [
+  /^DOUBLE\s+PRECISION$/i,
+  /^(?:CHARACTER|BIT)\s+VARYING\([0-9]{1,5}\)$/i,
+  /^(?:TIMESTAMP|TIME)(?:\([0-9]{1,2}\))?\s+(?:WITH|WITHOUT)\s+TIME\s+ZONE$/i,
+  /^INTERVAL(?:\s+(?:YEAR|MONTH|DAY|HOUR|MINUTE|SECOND)(?:\s+TO\s+(?:MONTH|DAY|HOUR|MINUTE|SECOND))?)?$/i,
+];
+
+// Defaults are data/expression positions, but DDL generation does not have a
+// parameter-binding phase. Accept scalar literals plus a short list of common,
+// side-effect-free built-ins instead of arbitrary function calls.
+const SAFE_SQL_DEFAULT_VALUE = /^(?:NULL|TRUE|FALSE|CURRENT_DATE|CURRENT_TIME(?:\([0-9]{1,2}\))?|CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(?:\([0-9]{1,2}\))?|LOCALTIME(?:\([0-9]{1,2}\))?|LOCALTIMESTAMP(?:\([0-9]{1,2}\))?|NOW\(\)|GEN_RANDOM_UUID\(\)|UUID_GENERATE_V4\(\)|-?(?:[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)?|\.[0-9]+)|'(?:''|[^'])*')$/i;
 
 function assertSafeSQLType(type: string): void {
-  if (!SAFE_SQL_TYPE.test(type)) {
+  const isSafe =
+    SAFE_SINGLE_WORD_SQL_TYPE.test(type) ||
+    SAFE_MULTI_WORD_SQL_TYPES.some((pattern) => pattern.test(type));
+  if (!isSafe) {
     throw new Error(`Unsafe SQL type: '${type}'`);
   }
 }
@@ -43,9 +71,22 @@ function assertSafeDefaultValue(value: string): void {
   }
 }
 
+function cloneTable(table: Table): Table {
+  return {
+    name: table.name,
+    columns: table.columns.map((column) => ({ ...column })),
+    foreignKeys: table.foreignKeys.map((foreignKey) => ({ ...foreignKey })),
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * In-memory ERD model that validates identifiers and DDL fragments before they
+ * can become generated SQL. Public methods never expose mutable internal state.
+ */
 export class ERDModel {
   private tables: Map<string, Table> = new Map();
 
+  /** Add an empty table and return an isolated snapshot of it. */
   addTable(name: string): Table {
     assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Table", name);
     if (this.tables.has(name)) {
@@ -53,20 +94,24 @@ export class ERDModel {
     }
     const table: Table = { name, columns: [], foreignKeys: [] };
     this.tables.set(name, table);
-    return JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(table));
+    return cloneTable(table);
   }
 
+  /** Return an isolated snapshot of one table, or undefined when absent. */
   getTable(name: string): Table | undefined {
     const table = this.tables.get(name);
-    return table ? JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(table)) : undefined;
+    return table ? cloneTable(table) : undefined;
   }
 
+  /** Return isolated snapshots of all tables in insertion order. */
   getTables(): Table[] {
-    return Array.from(this.tables.values()).map((table) =>
-      JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(table)),
-    );
+    return Array.from(this.tables.values()).map(cloneTable);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Add a validated column. The accepted input is copied before storage so a
+   * caller cannot mutate the object later and bypass validation.
+   */
   addColumn(tableName: string, column: Column): void {
     assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Table", tableName);
     assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Column", column.name);
@@ -83,9 +128,13 @@ export class ERDModel {
         `Column '${column.name}' already exists in table '${tableName}'.`,
       );
     }
-    table.columns.push(column);
+    table.columns.push({ ...column });
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Add a validated foreign key. The input is copied to preserve the validated
+   * relationship even if the caller later mutates its source object.
+   */
   addForeignKey(tableName: string, fk: ForeignKey): void {
     assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Table", tableName);
     assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Column", fk.columnName);
@@ -109,9 +158,10 @@ export class ERDModel {
         `Reference column '${fk.referenceColumn}' does not exist in table '${fk.referenceTable}'.`,
       );
     }
-    table.foreignKeys.push(fk);
+    table.foreignKeys.push({ ...fk });
   }
 
+  /** Generate CREATE TABLE statements from the validated in-memory model. */
   generateDDL(): string {
     let ddl = "";
     for (const table of this.tables.values()) {

From a25daeceb24b45bcbb047bc2dc8fabf7a4a9513b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Seongho Bae <me@seonghobae.me>
Date: Fri, 7 Aug 2026 06:31:58 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 05/14] docs(security): record ERD DDL injection boundary

---
 docs/doctoring/erd-ddl-injection-boundary.md | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 docs/doctoring/erd-ddl-injection-boundary.md

diff --git a/docs/doctoring/erd-ddl-injection-boundary.md b/docs/doctoring/erd-ddl-injection-boundary.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa5158fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/doctoring/erd-ddl-injection-boundary.md
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# ERD DDL injection boundary
+
+## Decision
+
+`ERDModel` treats every caller-supplied SQL fragment as untrusted. Table, column, and foreign-key identifiers are restricted to the existing lowercase `snake_case` identifier contract. Column `type` accepts a single SQL type identifier with an optional numeric length/precision clause, plus a small explicit set of well-known multi-word type forms. Column defaults accept scalar literals and a short list of side-effect-free built-ins; arbitrary function calls are rejected.
+
+This boundary is intentionally narrower than a complete SQL parser. The ERD model is a DDL generator, not an arbitrary SQL execution surface. PostgreSQL `CREATE TABLE` syntax treats a column data type and column constraints as separate grammar positions, so constraints such as `PRIMARY KEY`, `NOT NULL`, and `REFERENCES` must not be accepted through the `type` field. A caller that needs a new type form should add it explicitly with focused positive and negative tests instead of broadening the grammar to arbitrary token streams.
+
+OWASP recommends parameterized queries when values can be bound and allow-list validation when SQL structure such as identifiers cannot be parameterized. DDL type declarations and identifiers are structural SQL, so Argos applies positive allow-list validation before interpolation rather than relying on escaping. Generated DDL must still be executed by a database principal with least privilege appropriate to the deployment.
+
+## State-integrity boundary
+
+Validation is only useful if validated objects cannot be mutated afterward. `ERDModel` therefore copies accepted `Column` and `ForeignKey` inputs before storing them and returns copied table snapshots from all public getters. A caller retaining a reference to its input or to a returned snapshot cannot mutate the model's validated internal state.
+
+## Verification
+
+Permanent Vitest regressions cover:
+
+- rejection of SQL constraints placed in the type field;
+- acceptance of explicitly supported multi-word data-type forms;
+- rejection of arbitrary default-function execution;
+- acceptance of scalar and allow-listed built-in defaults;
+- mutation of a caller-owned column object after validation; and
+- mutation of a caller-owned foreign-key object after validation.
+
+The repository's exact-head CI, security gates, review agents, and required coverage gates remain authoritative. A queued, pending, cancelled, skipped-required, absent, stale-head, or failed result is not release evidence.
+
+## Rollback
+
+If a legitimate data type or default is rejected, add the minimum required grammar to the allow-list together with a regression proving both the intended valid syntax and nearby structural SQL remains rejected. Do not revert to a general whitespace/token regular expression and do not add an escaping-based bypass.
+
+## References
+
+OWASP Foundation. (n.d.). *SQL injection prevention cheat sheet*. OWASP Cheat Sheet Series. https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/SQL_Injection_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet.html
+
+OWASP Foundation. (n.d.). *Input validation cheat sheet*. OWASP Cheat Sheet Series. https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Input_Validation_Cheat_Sheet.html
+
+PostgreSQL Global Development Group. (2026). *PostgreSQL 18 documentation: CREATE TABLE*. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createtable.html

From 93c01a242c2915af60bfbd1d66ecb6e520a3f9e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Seongho Bae <me@seonghobae.me>
Date: Fri, 7 Aug 2026 06:32:25 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 06/14] docs(changelog): record ERD DDL hardening

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 84f6498d..baf646e6 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 ### 🛡️ 보안 (Security)
 
+- ERD DDL 생성 경계에서 임의 SQL 토큰 스트림을 타입으로 허용하지 않고, 단일 타입 식별자와 명시적으로 허용한 다중 단어 타입 문법만 수용하도록 강화했습니다. 기본값은 스칼라 리터럴과 제한된 안전 내장 표현식만 허용하며, 검증된 컬럼·외래키 입력을 저장 전에 복사해 호출자 보유 참조를 통한 검증 우회 상태 변이를 차단했습니다. SQL 구조 allow-list와 상태 격리 회귀 테스트 및 OWASP/PostgreSQL 근거 문서를 함께 추가했습니다.
 - 로그인, 회원가입, 비밀번호 재설정이 하나의 공유 비밀번호 계약을 사용하도록 통합했습니다. 입력 처리량을 1,024자로 먼저 제한하고, 현재 `bcryptjs`가 완전하게 검증할 수 있는 72 UTF-8 바이트를 초과하는 값은 조용히 잘라내지 않고 거부합니다. ASCII와 다중 바이트 Unicode 경계 회귀 테스트 및 운영·표준 근거 문서를 함께 추가했습니다.
 
 ### ⚡ 성능 (Performance)

From 9104afcde598256ec267d5d69a4332c795c01441 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: seonghobae <8172694+seonghobae@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 6 Aug 2026 22:56:37 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 07/14] =?UTF-8?q?=F0=9F=9B=A1=EF=B8=8F=20Sentinel:=20[HIGH?=
 =?UTF-8?q?]=20Fix=20js-yaml=20vulnerability=20(CVE-2026-59870)?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

🚨 Severity: HIGH
💡 Vulnerability: js-yaml 4.3.0 이하 버전에 존재하는 Quadratic CPU consumption 취약점(GHSA-5p4m-2wfm-xmqj)
🎯 Impact: DoS 공격 위험
🔧 Fix: pnpm overrides를 이용해 js-yaml 버전을 패치된 4.3.1로 강제 업데이트
✅ Verification: pnpm audit 결과 취약점 없음 확인
---
 .jules/sentinel.md                           |   5 +
 CHANGELOG.md                                 |   1 -
 docs/doctoring/erd-ddl-injection-boundary.md |  38 -------
 package.json                                 |   2 +-
 packages/web/src/lib/erd.security.test.ts    | 105 -------------------
 packages/web/src/lib/erd.ts                  |  74 +++----------
 pnpm-lock.yaml                               |  12 +--
 7 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 213 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 docs/doctoring/erd-ddl-injection-boundary.md
 delete mode 100644 packages/web/src/lib/erd.security.test.ts

diff --git a/.jules/sentinel.md b/.jules/sentinel.md
index 980960e3..4841b8e2 100644
--- a/.jules/sentinel.md
+++ b/.jules/sentinel.md
@@ -25,3 +25,8 @@
 **Vulnerability:** `ERDModel` 클래스에서 컬럼 타입 및 기본값에 대한 정규식 검증이 누락되어 악의적인 SQL 문법이 삽입될 수 있었으며, 내부 상태 객체(테이블)가 직접 반환되어 검증 로직을 우회하여 상태 변이가 발생할 수 있었습니다.
 **Learning:** DDL 생성 시 자유 텍스트나 타입 입력이 포함될 때는 반드시 허용 목록(Allowlist) 기반 정규식을 사용해야 하며, 객체 상태를 반환할 때는 캡슐화를 보장하기 위해 깊은 복사(Deep Copy)를 수행해야 검증 우회를 방지할 수 있습니다.
 **Prevention:** 정규식(예: `SAFE_SQL_TYPE`, `SAFE_SQL_DEFAULT_VALUE`)을 도입하여 타입과 기본값을 검증하고, 객체를 반환할 때 `JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(table))`를 사용하여 원본 참조를 숨깁니다.
+
+## 2025-02-18 - [Fix High Severity Vulnerability in js-yaml]
+**Vulnerability:** `js-yaml` 4.3.0 버전에 Quadratic CPU consumption 취약점(CVE-2026-59870, GHSA-5p4m-2wfm-xmqj)이 존재하여, 악의적인 YAML 페이로드 입력 시 DoS 공격에 노출될 수 있었습니다.
+**Learning:** `pnpm` 환경에서 서드파티 패키지의 하위 의존성에 존재하는 취약점을 수정할 때, 직접적인 `package.json` 업데이트로 해결되지 않는다면 `pnpm.overrides`를 적극 활용하여 전체 프로젝트 수준에서 특정 안전한 버전을 강제할 수 있습니다.
+**Prevention:** `pnpm audit`과 같은 도구를 주기적으로 실행하여 취약점을 점검하고, 루트 `package.json`의 `"pnpm": { "overrides": { ... } }` 구문을 사용해 취약점이 패치된 버전을 고정(pin)합니다.
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index baf646e6..84f6498d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 
 ### 🛡️ 보안 (Security)
 
-- ERD DDL 생성 경계에서 임의 SQL 토큰 스트림을 타입으로 허용하지 않고, 단일 타입 식별자와 명시적으로 허용한 다중 단어 타입 문법만 수용하도록 강화했습니다. 기본값은 스칼라 리터럴과 제한된 안전 내장 표현식만 허용하며, 검증된 컬럼·외래키 입력을 저장 전에 복사해 호출자 보유 참조를 통한 검증 우회 상태 변이를 차단했습니다. SQL 구조 allow-list와 상태 격리 회귀 테스트 및 OWASP/PostgreSQL 근거 문서를 함께 추가했습니다.
 - 로그인, 회원가입, 비밀번호 재설정이 하나의 공유 비밀번호 계약을 사용하도록 통합했습니다. 입력 처리량을 1,024자로 먼저 제한하고, 현재 `bcryptjs`가 완전하게 검증할 수 있는 72 UTF-8 바이트를 초과하는 값은 조용히 잘라내지 않고 거부합니다. ASCII와 다중 바이트 Unicode 경계 회귀 테스트 및 운영·표준 근거 문서를 함께 추가했습니다.
 
 ### ⚡ 성능 (Performance)
diff --git a/docs/doctoring/erd-ddl-injection-boundary.md b/docs/doctoring/erd-ddl-injection-boundary.md
deleted file mode 100644
index fa5158fb..00000000
--- a/docs/doctoring/erd-ddl-injection-boundary.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-# ERD DDL injection boundary
-
-## Decision
-
-`ERDModel` treats every caller-supplied SQL fragment as untrusted. Table, column, and foreign-key identifiers are restricted to the existing lowercase `snake_case` identifier contract. Column `type` accepts a single SQL type identifier with an optional numeric length/precision clause, plus a small explicit set of well-known multi-word type forms. Column defaults accept scalar literals and a short list of side-effect-free built-ins; arbitrary function calls are rejected.
-
-This boundary is intentionally narrower than a complete SQL parser. The ERD model is a DDL generator, not an arbitrary SQL execution surface. PostgreSQL `CREATE TABLE` syntax treats a column data type and column constraints as separate grammar positions, so constraints such as `PRIMARY KEY`, `NOT NULL`, and `REFERENCES` must not be accepted through the `type` field. A caller that needs a new type form should add it explicitly with focused positive and negative tests instead of broadening the grammar to arbitrary token streams.
-
-OWASP recommends parameterized queries when values can be bound and allow-list validation when SQL structure such as identifiers cannot be parameterized. DDL type declarations and identifiers are structural SQL, so Argos applies positive allow-list validation before interpolation rather than relying on escaping. Generated DDL must still be executed by a database principal with least privilege appropriate to the deployment.
-
-## State-integrity boundary
-
-Validation is only useful if validated objects cannot be mutated afterward. `ERDModel` therefore copies accepted `Column` and `ForeignKey` inputs before storing them and returns copied table snapshots from all public getters. A caller retaining a reference to its input or to a returned snapshot cannot mutate the model's validated internal state.
-
-## Verification
-
-Permanent Vitest regressions cover:
-
-- rejection of SQL constraints placed in the type field;
-- acceptance of explicitly supported multi-word data-type forms;
-- rejection of arbitrary default-function execution;
-- acceptance of scalar and allow-listed built-in defaults;
-- mutation of a caller-owned column object after validation; and
-- mutation of a caller-owned foreign-key object after validation.
-
-The repository's exact-head CI, security gates, review agents, and required coverage gates remain authoritative. A queued, pending, cancelled, skipped-required, absent, stale-head, or failed result is not release evidence.
-
-## Rollback
-
-If a legitimate data type or default is rejected, add the minimum required grammar to the allow-list together with a regression proving both the intended valid syntax and nearby structural SQL remains rejected. Do not revert to a general whitespace/token regular expression and do not add an escaping-based bypass.
-
-## References
-
-OWASP Foundation. (n.d.). *SQL injection prevention cheat sheet*. OWASP Cheat Sheet Series. https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/SQL_Injection_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet.html
-
-OWASP Foundation. (n.d.). *Input validation cheat sheet*. OWASP Cheat Sheet Series. https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Input_Validation_Cheat_Sheet.html
-
-PostgreSQL Global Development Group. (2026). *PostgreSQL 18 documentation: CREATE TABLE*. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createtable.html
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 70cf24f1..644bf315 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
       "@babel/core": "7.29.7",
       "esbuild": "0.28.1",
       "hono": "^4.12.34",
-      "js-yaml": "^4.3.0",
+      "js-yaml": "4.3.1",
       "@auth/core": "^0.41.3",
       "sharp": "^0.35.3",
       "postcss": "^8.5.18",
diff --git a/packages/web/src/lib/erd.security.test.ts b/packages/web/src/lib/erd.security.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 677e2fb3..00000000
--- a/packages/web/src/lib/erd.security.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
-import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
-import { ERDModel } from "./erd";
-
-describe("ERDModel SQL grammar boundaries", () => {
-  it("rejects constraints smuggled through the type slot", () => {
-    const model = new ERDModel();
-    model.addTable("security_events");
-
-    for (const type of [
-      "INTEGER PRIMARY KEY",
-      "TEXT NOT NULL",
-      "INTEGER REFERENCES admin_users(id)",
-    ]) {
-      expect(() =>
-        model.addColumn("security_events", {
-          name: "security_value",
-          type,
-        }),
-      ).toThrowError(`Unsafe SQL type: '${type}'`);
-    }
-  });
-
-  it("accepts explicitly supported multi-word SQL type syntax", () => {
-    const model = new ERDModel();
-    model.addTable("measurement_events");
-
-    model.addColumn("measurement_events", {
-      name: "reading_value",
-      type: "DOUBLE PRECISION",
-    });
-    model.addColumn("measurement_events", {
-      name: "recorded_at",
-      type: "TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE",
-    });
-
-    expect(model.getTable("measurement_events")?.columns).toHaveLength(2);
-  });
-
-  it("rejects arbitrary function execution in default values", () => {
-    const model = new ERDModel();
-    model.addTable("audit_events");
-
-    expect(() =>
-      model.addColumn("audit_events", {
-        name: "created_at",
-        type: "TIMESTAMP",
-        defaultValue: "dangerous_function()",
-      }),
-    ).toThrowError("Unsafe default value: 'dangerous_function()'");
-  });
-
-  it("accepts safe built-in and scalar default values", () => {
-    const model = new ERDModel();
-    model.addTable("audit_events");
-
-    model.addColumn("audit_events", {
-      name: "created_at",
-      type: "TIMESTAMP",
-      defaultValue: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
-    });
-    model.addColumn("audit_events", {
-      name: "retry_count",
-      type: "INTEGER",
-      defaultValue: "0",
-    });
-    model.addColumn("audit_events", {
-      name: "is_visible",
-      type: "BOOLEAN",
-      defaultValue: "TRUE",
-    });
-
-    expect(model.getTable("audit_events")?.columns).toHaveLength(3);
-  });
-
-  it("copies validated column input before storing it", () => {
-    const model = new ERDModel();
-    model.addTable("account_records");
-    const column = { name: "account_id", type: "INTEGER" };
-
-    model.addColumn("account_records", column);
-    column.type = "INTEGER PRIMARY KEY";
-
-    expect(model.getTable("account_records")?.columns[0].type).toBe("INTEGER");
-  });
-
-  it("copies validated foreign-key input before storing it", () => {
-    const model = new ERDModel();
-    model.addTable("account_records");
-    model.addColumn("account_records", { name: "account_id", type: "INTEGER" });
-    model.addTable("audit_events");
-    model.addColumn("audit_events", { name: "account_id", type: "INTEGER" });
-    const foreignKey = {
-      columnName: "account_id",
-      referenceTable: "account_records",
-      referenceColumn: "account_id",
-    };
-
-    model.addForeignKey("audit_events", foreignKey);
-    foreignKey.referenceTable = "mutated_target";
-
-    expect(model.getTable("audit_events")?.foreignKeys[0].referenceTable).toBe(
-      "account_records",
-    );
-  });
-});
diff --git a/packages/web/src/lib/erd.ts b/packages/web/src/lib/erd.ts
index dcf48ef2..9591b09a 100644
--- a/packages/web/src/lib/erd.ts
+++ b/packages/web/src/lib/erd.ts
@@ -1,31 +1,20 @@
 export interface Column {
-  /** SQL identifier for the column. */
   name: string;
-  /** Data-type declaration only; constraints belong to the dedicated flags. */
   type: string;
-  /** Whether the column is part of the primary key. */
   isPrimaryKey?: boolean;
-  /** Whether the column accepts NULL values. */
   isNullable?: boolean;
-  /** Optional allow-listed SQL scalar or built-in default expression. */
   defaultValue?: string;
 }
 
 export interface ForeignKey {
-  /** Local column participating in the relationship. */
   columnName: string;
-  /** Referenced table name. */
   referenceTable: string;
-  /** Referenced column name. */
   referenceColumn: string;
 }
 
 export interface Table {
-  /** SQL table identifier. */
   name: string;
-  /** Columns owned by the table. */
   columns: Column[];
-  /** Foreign-key relationships owned by the table. */
   foreignKeys: ForeignKey[];
 }
 
@@ -37,30 +26,13 @@ function assertSnakeCaseIdentifier(kind: string, name: string): void {
   }
 }
 
-// SQL data types cannot be bound as prepared-statement values, so this module
-// accepts a deliberately small grammar instead of interpolating arbitrary text.
-// A single identifier supports built-in and project-defined type names, with an
-// optional numeric precision/length clause. Multi-word syntax is limited to
-// well-known data-type forms rather than accepting general SQL token streams.
-const SAFE_SINGLE_WORD_SQL_TYPE =
-  /^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]*(?:\([0-9]{1,5}(?:,\s*[0-9]{1,5})?\))?(?:\[\])?$/;
-const SAFE_MULTI_WORD_SQL_TYPES = [
-  /^DOUBLE\s+PRECISION$/i,
-  /^(?:CHARACTER|BIT)\s+VARYING\([0-9]{1,5}\)$/i,
-  /^(?:TIMESTAMP|TIME)(?:\([0-9]{1,2}\))?\s+(?:WITH|WITHOUT)\s+TIME\s+ZONE$/i,
-  /^INTERVAL(?:\s+(?:YEAR|MONTH|DAY|HOUR|MINUTE|SECOND)(?:\s+TO\s+(?:MONTH|DAY|HOUR|MINUTE|SECOND))?)?$/i,
-];
-
-// Defaults are data/expression positions, but DDL generation does not have a
-// parameter-binding phase. Accept scalar literals plus a short list of common,
-// side-effect-free built-ins instead of arbitrary function calls.
-const SAFE_SQL_DEFAULT_VALUE = /^(?:NULL|TRUE|FALSE|CURRENT_DATE|CURRENT_TIME(?:\([0-9]{1,2}\))?|CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(?:\([0-9]{1,2}\))?|LOCALTIME(?:\([0-9]{1,2}\))?|LOCALTIMESTAMP(?:\([0-9]{1,2}\))?|NOW\(\)|GEN_RANDOM_UUID\(\)|UUID_GENERATE_V4\(\)|-?(?:[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)?|\.[0-9]+)|'(?:''|[^'])*')$/i;
+const SAFE_SQL_TYPE =
+  /^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+(?:\([0-9]+(?:,\s*[0-9]+)?\))?(?:\s+[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)*$/;
+const SAFE_SQL_DEFAULT_VALUE =
+  /^([a-zA-Z0-9_]+(?:\(\))?|'[^']*'|-?[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)?)$/;
 
 function assertSafeSQLType(type: string): void {
-  const isSafe =
-    SAFE_SINGLE_WORD_SQL_TYPE.test(type) ||
-    SAFE_MULTI_WORD_SQL_TYPES.some((pattern) => pattern.test(type));
-  if (!isSafe) {
+  if (!SAFE_SQL_TYPE.test(type)) {
     throw new Error(`Unsafe SQL type: '${type}'`);
   }
 }
@@ -71,22 +43,9 @@ function assertSafeDefaultValue(value: string): void {
   }
 }
 
-function cloneTable(table: Table): Table {
-  return {
-    name: table.name,
-    columns: table.columns.map((column) => ({ ...column })),
-    foreignKeys: table.foreignKeys.map((foreignKey) => ({ ...foreignKey })),
-  };
-}
-
-/**
- * In-memory ERD model that validates identifiers and DDL fragments before they
- * can become generated SQL. Public methods never expose mutable internal state.
- */
 export class ERDModel {
   private tables: Map<string, Table> = new Map();
 
-  /** Add an empty table and return an isolated snapshot of it. */
   addTable(name: string): Table {
     assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Table", name);
     if (this.tables.has(name)) {
@@ -94,24 +53,20 @@ export class ERDModel {
     }
     const table: Table = { name, columns: [], foreignKeys: [] };
     this.tables.set(name, table);
-    return cloneTable(table);
+    return JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(table));
   }
 
-  /** Return an isolated snapshot of one table, or undefined when absent. */
   getTable(name: string): Table | undefined {
     const table = this.tables.get(name);
-    return table ? cloneTable(table) : undefined;
+    return table ? JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(table)) : undefined;
   }
 
-  /** Return isolated snapshots of all tables in insertion order. */
   getTables(): Table[] {
-    return Array.from(this.tables.values()).map(cloneTable);
+    return Array.from(this.tables.values()).map((table) =>
+      JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(table)),
+    );
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Add a validated column. The accepted input is copied before storage so a
-   * caller cannot mutate the object later and bypass validation.
-   */
   addColumn(tableName: string, column: Column): void {
     assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Table", tableName);
     assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Column", column.name);
@@ -128,13 +83,9 @@ export class ERDModel {
         `Column '${column.name}' already exists in table '${tableName}'.`,
       );
     }
-    table.columns.push({ ...column });
+    table.columns.push(column);
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Add a validated foreign key. The input is copied to preserve the validated
-   * relationship even if the caller later mutates its source object.
-   */
   addForeignKey(tableName: string, fk: ForeignKey): void {
     assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Table", tableName);
     assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Column", fk.columnName);
@@ -158,10 +109,9 @@ export class ERDModel {
         `Reference column '${fk.referenceColumn}' does not exist in table '${fk.referenceTable}'.`,
       );
     }
-    table.foreignKeys.push({ ...fk });
+    table.foreignKeys.push(fk);
   }
 
-  /** Generate CREATE TABLE statements from the validated in-memory model. */
   generateDDL(): string {
     let ddl = "";
     for (const table of this.tables.values()) {
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index d9bb1c0e..f4f25b1a 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ overrides:
   '@babel/core': 7.29.7
   esbuild: 0.28.1
   hono: ^4.12.34
-  js-yaml: ^4.3.0
+  js-yaml: 4.3.1
   '@auth/core': ^0.41.3
   sharp: ^0.35.3
   postcss: ^8.5.18
@@ -3192,8 +3192,8 @@ packages:
   js-tokens@9.0.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-mxa9E9ITFOt0ban3j6L5MpjwegGz6lBQmM1IJkWeBZGcMxto50+eWdjC/52xDbS2vy0k7vIMK0Fe2wfL9OQSpQ==}
 
-  js-yaml@4.3.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-1td788aAnnZ5qs7V2QIRl1owjtYpbKt749Y3xauqQgwIIGF/xXWz1wMTEBx5O3LK3lXLVuqXPdPxj2BoFHaW9Q==}
+  js-yaml@4.3.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-CY6crGq313MX8GkwvB7tzgp99vjQxY1++5y10/BKN/GUfHqWaOGQMNZkBvqSzsZKWk/ijwHlWzzkLulsGHhjWQ==}
     hasBin: true
 
   jsdom@29.1.1:
@@ -5204,7 +5204,7 @@ snapshots:
       globals: 14.0.0
       ignore: 5.3.2
       import-fresh: 3.3.1
-      js-yaml: 4.3.0
+      js-yaml: 4.3.1
       minimatch: 10.2.5
       strip-json-comments: 3.1.1
     transitivePeerDependencies:
@@ -6546,7 +6546,7 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       env-paths: 2.2.1
       import-fresh: 3.3.1
-      js-yaml: 4.3.0
+      js-yaml: 4.3.1
       parse-json: 5.2.0
     optionalDependencies:
       typescript: 5.9.3
@@ -7754,7 +7754,7 @@ snapshots:
 
   js-tokens@9.0.1: {}
 
-  js-yaml@4.3.0:
+  js-yaml@4.3.1:
     dependencies:
       argparse: 2.0.1
 

From f72d23e3fe290c26e6361c4930796be183a13f45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Seongho Bae <me@seonghobae.me>
Date: Fri, 7 Aug 2026 15:18:51 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 08/14] test(security): reproduce ERD DDL review findings

---
 packages/web/src/lib/erd.test.ts | 220 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 192 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/web/src/lib/erd.test.ts b/packages/web/src/lib/erd.test.ts
index f8a9bacc..6700997c 100644
--- a/packages/web/src/lib/erd.test.ts
+++ b/packages/web/src/lib/erd.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { describe, expect, it, beforeEach } from "vitest";
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 import { ERDModel } from "./erd";
 
 describe("ERDModel", () => {
@@ -16,10 +16,23 @@ describe("ERDModel", () => {
       expect(model.getTable("users")).toStrictEqual(table);
     });
 
-    it("should return a deep copy to prevent mutation bypass", () => {
+    it("should return independent plain-data snapshots", () => {
       const table = model.addTable("users");
       table.name = "hacked";
-      expect(model.getTable("users")?.name).toBe("users");
+      table.columns.push({ name: "injected", type: "TEXT" });
+
+      const firstSnapshot = model.getTables();
+      firstSnapshot[0].foreignKeys.push({
+        columnName: "injected",
+        referenceTable: "injected",
+        referenceColumn: "injected",
+      });
+
+      expect(model.getTable("users")).toStrictEqual({
+        name: "users",
+        columns: [],
+        foreignKeys: [],
+      });
     });
 
     it("should throw when adding duplicate table", () => {
@@ -62,7 +75,7 @@ describe("ERDModel", () => {
       model.addTable("users");
       model.addColumn("users", { name: "id", type: "integer" });
       expect(() =>
-        model.addColumn("users", { name: "id", type: "string" }),
+        model.addColumn("users", { name: "id", type: "TEXT" }),
       ).toThrowError("Column 'id' already exists in table 'users'.");
     });
 
@@ -76,25 +89,139 @@ describe("ERDModel", () => {
       ).toThrowError("Column 'created__at' must be snake_case.");
     });
 
-    it("should reject unsafe SQL types", () => {
+    it.each([
+      "integer",
+      "INT",
+      "BIGINT",
+      "SMALLINT",
+      "SERIAL",
+      "BIGSERIAL",
+      "TEXT",
+      "VARCHAR(255)",
+      "CHARACTER VARYING(120)",
+      "CHAR(8)",
+      "NUMERIC(12, 4)",
+      "DECIMAL(9,2)",
+      "REAL",
+      "DOUBLE PRECISION",
+      "BOOLEAN",
+      "DATE",
+      "TIME",
+      "TIME WITH TIME ZONE",
+      "TIMESTAMP",
+      "TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE",
+      "UUID",
+      "JSON",
+      "JSONB",
+      "BYTEA",
+    ])("should accept the supported SQL type %s", (type) => {
+      model.addTable("users");
+      model.addColumn("users", { name: "value_field", type });
+      expect(model.getTable("users")?.columns[0].type).toBe(type);
+    });
+
+    it.each([
+      "INT; DROP TABLE users;",
+      "INTEGER PRIMARY KEY",
+      "TEXT NOT NULL",
+      "INTEGER UNIQUE",
+      "INTEGER REFERENCES users(id)",
+      "VARCHAR(255) CHECK (true)",
+      "made_up_type",
+    ])("should reject unsafe or unsupported SQL type %s", (type) => {
       model.addTable("users");
       expect(() =>
-        model.addColumn("users", {
-          name: "id",
-          type: "INT; DROP TABLE users;",
-        }),
-      ).toThrowError("Unsafe SQL type: 'INT; DROP TABLE users;'");
+        model.addColumn("users", { name: "value_field", type }),
+      ).toThrowError(`Unsafe SQL type: '${type}'`);
     });
 
-    it("should reject unsafe default values", () => {
+    it.each([
+      "'active'",
+      "''",
+      "42",
+      "-3.14",
+      "TRUE",
+      "false",
+      "NULL",
+      "CURRENT_DATE",
+      "CURRENT_TIME",
+      "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
+      "LOCALTIME",
+      "LOCALTIMESTAMP",
+      "now()",
+    ])("should accept the supported SQL default %s", (defaultValue) => {
+      model.addTable("users");
+      model.addColumn("users", {
+        name: "value_field",
+        type: "TEXT",
+        defaultValue,
+      });
+      expect(model.getTable("users")?.columns[0].defaultValue).toBe(defaultValue);
+    });
+
+    it.each([
+      "1; DROP TABLE users;",
+      "unapproved_function()",
+      "pg_sleep()",
+      "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()",
+      "'unterminated",
+    ])("should reject unsafe SQL default %s", (defaultValue) => {
       model.addTable("users");
       expect(() =>
         model.addColumn("users", {
-          name: "id",
-          type: "INT",
-          defaultValue: "1; DROP TABLE users;",
+          name: "value_field",
+          type: "TEXT",
+          defaultValue,
         }),
-      ).toThrowError("Unsafe default value: '1; DROP TABLE users;'");
+      ).toThrowError(`Unsafe default value: '${defaultValue}'`);
+    });
+
+    it("should store validated column primitives instead of caller-owned objects", () => {
+      model.addTable("users");
+      const column = {
+        name: "status_field",
+        type: "TEXT",
+        isPrimaryKey: false,
+        isNullable: false,
+        defaultValue: "'safe'",
+      };
+
+      model.addColumn("users", column);
+      column.name = "changed_name";
+      column.type = "TEXT NOT NULL";
+      column.isPrimaryKey = true;
+      column.isNullable = true;
+      column.defaultValue = "unapproved_function()";
+
+      expect(model.getTable("users")?.columns[0]).toStrictEqual({
+        name: "status_field",
+        type: "TEXT",
+        isPrimaryKey: false,
+        isNullable: false,
+        defaultValue: "'safe'",
+      });
+    });
+
+    it.each([
+      [{ name: 7, type: "TEXT" }, "Column name must be a string."],
+      [{ name: "value_field", type: 7 }, "Column type must be a string."],
+      [
+        { name: "value_field", type: "TEXT", isPrimaryKey: "yes" },
+        "Column isPrimaryKey must be a boolean when provided.",
+      ],
+      [
+        { name: "value_field", type: "TEXT", isNullable: "yes" },
+        "Column isNullable must be a boolean when provided.",
+      ],
+      [
+        { name: "value_field", type: "TEXT", defaultValue: 7 },
+        "Column defaultValue must be a string when provided.",
+      ],
+    ])("should reject malformed runtime column values %#", (column, message) => {
+      model.addTable("users");
+      expect(() =>
+        model.addColumn("users", column as never),
+      ).toThrowError(message as string);
     });
   });
 
@@ -118,6 +245,24 @@ describe("ERDModel", () => {
       expect(postsTable?.foreignKeys[0].referenceTable).toBe("users");
     });
 
+    it("should store validated foreign-key primitives independently", () => {
+      const foreignKey = {
+        columnName: "user_id",
+        referenceTable: "users",
+        referenceColumn: "id",
+      };
+      model.addForeignKey("posts", foreignKey);
+      foreignKey.columnName = "changed_column";
+      foreignKey.referenceTable = "changed_table";
+      foreignKey.referenceColumn = "changed_reference";
+
+      expect(model.getTable("posts")?.foreignKeys[0]).toStrictEqual({
+        columnName: "user_id",
+        referenceTable: "users",
+        referenceColumn: "id",
+      });
+    });
+
     it("should throw when adding foreign key to non-existent table", () => {
       expect(() => {
         model.addForeignKey("non_existent", {
@@ -179,6 +324,16 @@ describe("ERDModel", () => {
         });
       }).toThrowError("Reference table 'UserProfiles' must be snake_case.");
     });
+
+    it.each([
+      [{ columnName: 7, referenceTable: "users", referenceColumn: "id" }, "Foreign key columnName must be a string."],
+      [{ columnName: "user_id", referenceTable: 7, referenceColumn: "id" }, "Foreign key referenceTable must be a string."],
+      [{ columnName: "user_id", referenceTable: "users", referenceColumn: 7 }, "Foreign key referenceColumn must be a string."],
+    ])("should reject malformed runtime foreign-key values %#", (foreignKey, message) => {
+      expect(() =>
+        model.addForeignKey("posts", foreignKey as never),
+      ).toThrowError(message as string);
+    });
   });
 
   describe("DDL Generation", () => {
@@ -186,7 +341,7 @@ describe("ERDModel", () => {
       expect(model.generateDDL()).toBe("");
     });
 
-    it("should generate correct DDL for simple table", () => {
+    it("should generate quoted DDL for a simple table", () => {
       model.addTable("users");
       model.addColumn("users", {
         name: "id",
@@ -206,16 +361,16 @@ describe("ERDModel", () => {
       });
 
       const ddl = model.generateDDL();
-      const expected = `CREATE TABLE users (
-  id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-  name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
-  bio TEXT,
-  status VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'active'
+      const expected = `CREATE TABLE "users" (
+  "id" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
+  "name" VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
+  "bio" TEXT,
+  "status" VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'active'
 );`;
       expect(ddl).toBe(expected);
     });
 
-    it("should generate correct DDL for multiple tables with foreign keys", () => {
+    it("should generate quoted DDL for multiple tables with foreign keys", () => {
       model.addTable("users");
       model.addColumn("users", {
         name: "id",
@@ -242,16 +397,25 @@ describe("ERDModel", () => {
       });
 
       const ddl = model.generateDDL();
-      const expected = `CREATE TABLE users (
-  id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY
+      const expected = `CREATE TABLE "users" (
+  "id" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY
 );
 
-CREATE TABLE posts (
-  id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-  user_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
-  FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users(id)
+CREATE TABLE "posts" (
+  "id" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
+  "user_id" INTEGER NOT NULL,
+  FOREIGN KEY ("user_id") REFERENCES "users"("id")
 );`;
       expect(ddl).toBe(expected);
     });
+
+    it("should quote reserved PostgreSQL words used as accepted identifiers", () => {
+      model.addTable("select");
+      model.addColumn("select", { name: "from", type: "INTEGER" });
+
+      expect(model.generateDDL()).toBe(`CREATE TABLE "select" (
+  "from" INTEGER
+);`);
+    });
   });
 });

From a4b79d7ad442c4c80433e91608d0d9350c65fbeb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Seongho Bae <me@seonghobae.me>
Date: Fri, 7 Aug 2026 17:07:34 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 09/14] fix(erd): enforce validated DDL grammar

---
 packages/web/src/lib/erd.ts | 256 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 215 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/web/src/lib/erd.ts b/packages/web/src/lib/erd.ts
index 9591b09a..388c368c 100644
--- a/packages/web/src/lib/erd.ts
+++ b/packages/web/src/lib/erd.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
+/**
+ * One validated relational column stored by {@link ERDModel}.
+ *
+ * The `type` and optional `defaultValue` fields are SQL grammar fragments, so
+ * callers must add columns through {@link ERDModel.addColumn}. That method
+ * validates both fragments before copying them into model-owned state.
+ */
 export interface Column {
   name: string;
   type: string;
@@ -6,12 +13,14 @@ export interface Column {
   defaultValue?: string;
 }
 
+/** A validated foreign-key relationship between two model-owned columns. */
 export interface ForeignKey {
   columnName: string;
   referenceTable: string;
   referenceColumn: string;
 }
 
+/** A plain-data snapshot of one table in the ERD model. */
 export interface Table {
   name: string;
   columns: Column[];
@@ -20,32 +29,153 @@ export interface Table {
 
 const SNAKE_CASE_IDENTIFIER = /^[a-z][a-z0-9]*(?:_[a-z0-9]+)*$/;
 
+const SIMPLE_SQL_TYPES = new Set([
+  "BIGINT",
+  "BIGSERIAL",
+  "BOOLEAN",
+  "BYTEA",
+  "DATE",
+  "INT",
+  "INTEGER",
+  "JSON",
+  "JSONB",
+  "REAL",
+  "SERIAL",
+  "SMALLINT",
+  "TEXT",
+  "TIME",
+  "TIMESTAMP",
+  "UUID",
+]);
+
+const MULTI_WORD_SQL_TYPES = new Set([
+  "DOUBLE PRECISION",
+  "TIME WITH TIME ZONE",
+  "TIME WITHOUT TIME ZONE",
+  "TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE",
+  "TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE",
+]);
+
+const PARAMETERIZED_SQL_TYPE =
+  /^(?:CHAR|VARCHAR)\([1-9][0-9]*\)$|^(?:NUMERIC|DECIMAL)\([1-9][0-9]*(?:,\s*[0-9]+)?\)$|^CHARACTER VARYING\([1-9][0-9]*\)$/;
+
+const SQL_STRING_LITERAL = /^'(?:[^']|'')*'$/;
+const SQL_NUMERIC_LITERAL = /^-?[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)?$/;
+const SQL_CONSTANT_DEFAULT = /^(?:TRUE|FALSE|NULL|CURRENT_DATE|CURRENT_TIME|CURRENT_TIMESTAMP|LOCALTIME|LOCALTIMESTAMP)$/i;
+const SQL_NOW_DEFAULT = /^now\(\)$/i;
+
+/** Reject a database object name that is not one lower-case snake_case identifier. */
 function assertSnakeCaseIdentifier(kind: string, name: string): void {
   if (!SNAKE_CASE_IDENTIFIER.test(name)) {
     throw new Error(`${kind} '${name}' must be snake_case.`);
   }
 }
 
-const SAFE_SQL_TYPE =
-  /^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+(?:\([0-9]+(?:,\s*[0-9]+)?\))?(?:\s+[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)*$/;
-const SAFE_SQL_DEFAULT_VALUE =
-  /^([a-zA-Z0-9_]+(?:\(\))?|'[^']*'|-?[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)?)$/;
-
+/**
+ * Reject a type fragment unless it is one explicitly supported PostgreSQL type.
+ *
+ * Column constraints intentionally are not accepted here. They belong to their
+ * dedicated model fields and therefore cannot be smuggled through `type`.
+ */
 function assertSafeSQLType(type: string): void {
-  if (!SAFE_SQL_TYPE.test(type)) {
+  const normalized = type.trim().replace(/\s+/g, " ").toUpperCase();
+  const supported =
+    SIMPLE_SQL_TYPES.has(normalized) ||
+    MULTI_WORD_SQL_TYPES.has(normalized) ||
+    PARAMETERIZED_SQL_TYPE.test(normalized);
+  if (!supported) {
     throw new Error(`Unsafe SQL type: '${type}'`);
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Reject a default fragment unless it is a scalar literal or reviewed built-in.
+ *
+ * Arbitrary function calls are deliberately excluded because generated DDL may
+ * later execute in a privileged database migration context.
+ */
 function assertSafeDefaultValue(value: string): void {
-  if (!SAFE_SQL_DEFAULT_VALUE.test(value)) {
+  const supported =
+    SQL_STRING_LITERAL.test(value) ||
+    SQL_NUMERIC_LITERAL.test(value) ||
+    SQL_CONSTANT_DEFAULT.test(value) ||
+    SQL_NOW_DEFAULT.test(value);
+  if (!supported) {
     throw new Error(`Unsafe default value: '${value}'`);
   }
 }
 
+/** Validate the runtime shape of caller-provided column primitives. */
+function assertColumnRuntimeTypes(column: Column): void {
+  if (typeof column.name !== "string") {
+    throw new Error("Column name must be a string.");
+  }
+  if (typeof column.type !== "string") {
+    throw new Error("Column type must be a string.");
+  }
+  if (
+    column.isPrimaryKey !== undefined &&
+    typeof column.isPrimaryKey !== "boolean"
+  ) {
+    throw new Error("Column isPrimaryKey must be a boolean when provided.");
+  }
+  if (
+    column.isNullable !== undefined &&
+    typeof column.isNullable !== "boolean"
+  ) {
+    throw new Error("Column isNullable must be a boolean when provided.");
+  }
+  if (
+    column.defaultValue !== undefined &&
+    typeof column.defaultValue !== "string"
+  ) {
+    throw new Error("Column defaultValue must be a string when provided.");
+  }
+}
+
+/** Validate the runtime shape of caller-provided foreign-key primitives. */
+function assertForeignKeyRuntimeTypes(foreignKey: ForeignKey): void {
+  if (typeof foreignKey.columnName !== "string") {
+    throw new Error("Foreign key columnName must be a string.");
+  }
+  if (typeof foreignKey.referenceTable !== "string") {
+    throw new Error("Foreign key referenceTable must be a string.");
+  }
+  if (typeof foreignKey.referenceColumn !== "string") {
+    throw new Error("Foreign key referenceColumn must be a string.");
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Quote one already-validated snake_case SQL identifier.
+ *
+ * Quoting protects accepted identifiers that also happen to be PostgreSQL
+ * reserved words, such as `select` or `from`.
+ */
+function quoteIdentifier(identifier: string): string {
+  return `"${identifier}"`;
+}
+
+/** Return a deep plain-data copy so callers never receive mutable model state. */
+function cloneTable(table: Table): Table {
+  return {
+    name: table.name,
+    columns: table.columns.map((column) => ({ ...column })),
+    foreignKeys: table.foreignKeys.map((foreignKey) => ({ ...foreignKey })),
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * In-memory ERD model that emits bounded PostgreSQL `CREATE TABLE` statements.
+ *
+ * The model owns all stored state. Inputs are validated and copied on ingress,
+ * and getters return independent snapshots, so caller mutation cannot bypass a
+ * previously completed security check.
+ */
 export class ERDModel {
   private tables: Map<string, Table> = new Map();
 
+  /** Add a new table and return an independent snapshot of it. */
   addTable(name: string): Table {
     assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Table", name);
     if (this.tables.has(name)) {
@@ -53,91 +183,135 @@ export class ERDModel {
     }
     const table: Table = { name, columns: [], foreignKeys: [] };
     this.tables.set(name, table);
-    return JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(table));
+    return cloneTable(table);
   }
 
+  /** Return an independent snapshot of a table, or `undefined` when absent. */
   getTable(name: string): Table | undefined {
     const table = this.tables.get(name);
-    return table ? JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(table)) : undefined;
+    return table ? cloneTable(table) : undefined;
   }
 
+  /** Return independent snapshots of all tables in insertion order. */
   getTables(): Table[] {
-    return Array.from(this.tables.values()).map((table) =>
-      JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(table)),
-    );
+    return Array.from(this.tables.values(), cloneTable);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Validate and add one column to an existing table.
+   *
+   * The stored object contains only copied validated primitives, preventing a
+   * caller from mutating the model after this method returns.
+   */
   addColumn(tableName: string, column: Column): void {
+    assertColumnRuntimeTypes(column);
     assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Table", tableName);
     assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Column", column.name);
     assertSafeSQLType(column.type);
     if (column.defaultValue !== undefined) {
       assertSafeDefaultValue(column.defaultValue);
     }
+
     const table = this.tables.get(tableName);
     if (!table) {
       throw new Error(`Table '${tableName}' does not exist.`);
     }
-    if (table.columns.some((c) => c.name === column.name)) {
+    if (table.columns.some((candidate) => candidate.name === column.name)) {
       throw new Error(
         `Column '${column.name}' already exists in table '${tableName}'.`,
       );
     }
-    table.columns.push(column);
+
+    table.columns.push({
+      name: column.name,
+      type: column.type,
+      isPrimaryKey: column.isPrimaryKey,
+      isNullable: column.isNullable,
+      defaultValue: column.defaultValue,
+    });
   }
 
-  addForeignKey(tableName: string, fk: ForeignKey): void {
+  /**
+   * Validate and add one foreign-key relationship to an existing table.
+   *
+   * Both local and referenced columns must already exist. The relationship is
+   * copied so later mutation of the caller-owned object cannot alter the model.
+   */
+  addForeignKey(tableName: string, foreignKey: ForeignKey): void {
+    assertForeignKeyRuntimeTypes(foreignKey);
     assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Table", tableName);
-    assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Column", fk.columnName);
-    assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Reference table", fk.referenceTable);
-    assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Reference column", fk.referenceColumn);
+    assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Column", foreignKey.columnName);
+    assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Reference table", foreignKey.referenceTable);
+    assertSnakeCaseIdentifier("Reference column", foreignKey.referenceColumn);
+
     const table = this.tables.get(tableName);
     if (!table) {
       throw new Error(`Table '${tableName}' does not exist.`);
     }
-    if (!table.columns.some((c) => c.name === fk.columnName)) {
+    if (!table.columns.some((column) => column.name === foreignKey.columnName)) {
       throw new Error(
-        `Column '${fk.columnName}' does not exist in table '${tableName}'.`,
+        `Column '${foreignKey.columnName}' does not exist in table '${tableName}'.`,
       );
     }
-    const refTable = this.tables.get(fk.referenceTable);
-    if (!refTable) {
-      throw new Error(`Reference table '${fk.referenceTable}' does not exist.`);
+
+    const referenceTable = this.tables.get(foreignKey.referenceTable);
+    if (!referenceTable) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Reference table '${foreignKey.referenceTable}' does not exist.`,
+      );
     }
-    if (!refTable.columns.some((c) => c.name === fk.referenceColumn)) {
+    if (
+      !referenceTable.columns.some(
+        (column) => column.name === foreignKey.referenceColumn,
+      )
+    ) {
       throw new Error(
-        `Reference column '${fk.referenceColumn}' does not exist in table '${fk.referenceTable}'.`,
+        `Reference column '${foreignKey.referenceColumn}' does not exist in table '${foreignKey.referenceTable}'.`,
       );
     }
-    table.foreignKeys.push(fk);
+
+    table.foreignKeys.push({
+      columnName: foreignKey.columnName,
+      referenceTable: foreignKey.referenceTable,
+      referenceColumn: foreignKey.referenceColumn,
+    });
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Generate deterministic PostgreSQL DDL for the current model.
+   *
+   * Every identifier is quoted and every SQL grammar fragment was validated at
+   * ingress, so reserved words remain valid without reopening an injection path.
+   */
   generateDDL(): string {
     let ddl = "";
+
     for (const table of this.tables.values()) {
-      ddl += `CREATE TABLE ${table.name} (\n`;
-      const columnDefs = table.columns.map((col) => {
-        let def = `  ${col.name} ${col.type}`;
-        if (col.isPrimaryKey) {
-          def += " PRIMARY KEY";
+      ddl += `CREATE TABLE ${quoteIdentifier(table.name)} (\n`;
+
+      const columnDefinitions = table.columns.map((column) => {
+        let definition = `  ${quoteIdentifier(column.name)} ${column.type}`;
+        if (column.isPrimaryKey) {
+          definition += " PRIMARY KEY";
         }
-        if (col.isNullable === false) {
-          def += " NOT NULL";
+        if (column.isNullable === false) {
+          definition += " NOT NULL";
         }
-        if (col.defaultValue !== undefined) {
-          def += ` DEFAULT ${col.defaultValue}`;
+        if (column.defaultValue !== undefined) {
+          definition += ` DEFAULT ${column.defaultValue}`;
         }
-        return def;
+        return definition;
       });
 
-      const fkDefs = table.foreignKeys.map((fk) => {
-        return `  FOREIGN KEY (${fk.columnName}) REFERENCES ${fk.referenceTable}(${fk.referenceColumn})`;
-      });
+      const foreignKeyDefinitions = table.foreignKeys.map(
+        (foreignKey) =>
+          `  FOREIGN KEY (${quoteIdentifier(foreignKey.columnName)}) REFERENCES ${quoteIdentifier(foreignKey.referenceTable)}(${quoteIdentifier(foreignKey.referenceColumn)})`,
+      );
 
-      const allDefs = [...columnDefs, ...fkDefs];
-      ddl += allDefs.join(",\n");
+      ddl += [...columnDefinitions, ...foreignKeyDefinitions].join(",\n");
       ddl += "\n);\n\n";
     }
+
     return ddl.trim();
   }
 }

From 9f00cd15adf9fb4790ac3da3ff98e943f5806ca6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Seongho Bae <me@seonghobae.me>
Date: Fri, 7 Aug 2026 17:09:22 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 10/14] docs(erd): record DDL security boundary

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 84f6498d..81ab7bf0 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 ### 🛡️ 보안 (Security)
 
+- ERD DDL 생성 경계를 구조적 allow-list 방식으로 강화했습니다. 지원하는 PostgreSQL 타입 문법과 제한된 side-effect-free 기본값만 허용하고, 컬럼 제약·임의 함수 호출·잘못된 런타임 타입을 거부합니다. 검증된 컬럼·외래 키는 모델 소유 복사본으로 저장하며, 모든 식별자를 quoted identifier로 출력해 예약어 충돌과 검증 후 객체 변이 우회를 차단합니다. 관련 회귀 테스트와 `docs/doctoring/erd-ddl-injection-boundary.md`에 위협 모델·롤백·APA 7 근거를 기록했습니다.
 - 로그인, 회원가입, 비밀번호 재설정이 하나의 공유 비밀번호 계약을 사용하도록 통합했습니다. 입력 처리량을 1,024자로 먼저 제한하고, 현재 `bcryptjs`가 완전하게 검증할 수 있는 72 UTF-8 바이트를 초과하는 값은 조용히 잘라내지 않고 거부합니다. ASCII와 다중 바이트 Unicode 경계 회귀 테스트 및 운영·표준 근거 문서를 함께 추가했습니다.
 
 ### ⚡ 성능 (Performance)

From 63a0431381d8f8b99645eee87f7c60fed82b7218 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Seongho Bae <me@seonghobae.me>
Date: Fri, 7 Aug 2026 17:10:04 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 11/14] docs(erd): document DDL injection boundary

---
 docs/doctoring/erd-ddl-injection-boundary.md | 76 ++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 76 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 docs/doctoring/erd-ddl-injection-boundary.md

diff --git a/docs/doctoring/erd-ddl-injection-boundary.md b/docs/doctoring/erd-ddl-injection-boundary.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b87ab3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/doctoring/erd-ddl-injection-boundary.md
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# ERD DDL injection boundary
+
+## Scope
+
+`packages/web/src/lib/erd.ts` generates PostgreSQL `CREATE TABLE` text from the in-memory ERD model. This is a code-generation boundary rather than a normal parameterized DML query: SQL identifiers, data types, and selected default expressions occupy grammar positions where bind parameters are not generally available. The safe contract is therefore **positive allow-list validation plus explicit identifier quoting**, not deny-listing individual punctuation characters.
+
+This document governs the `ERDModel` surface only. Generated DDL is still executable administrative input and must be reviewed and executed under least privilege in downstream migration tooling.
+
+## Threat model
+
+The relevant attacker controls or influences table/column metadata before `ERDModel.generateDDL()` is called. The security goals are:
+
+1. A value supplied as a data type cannot smuggle a column constraint, reference, check expression, second statement, comment, operator, or unknown type grammar into the generated DDL.
+2. A default value cannot invoke an arbitrary database function or inject another SQL statement.
+3. A caller cannot mutate a previously validated `Column` or `ForeignKey` object after insertion and thereby change model-owned state without validation.
+4. Accepted snake_case names remain valid even if they coincide with PostgreSQL keywords, because every generated identifier is double-quoted.
+5. Malformed runtime values that bypass TypeScript's compile-time types fail closed before they reach grammar validation or model storage.
+
+## Accepted grammar
+
+### Identifiers
+
+Database object identifiers use lower-case snake_case and are always emitted as PostgreSQL quoted identifiers. This keeps the storage naming policy deterministic and prevents accepted words such as `select` or `from` from becoming ambiguous SQL grammar.
+
+### Data types
+
+The model accepts only the reviewed type families encoded in `SIMPLE_SQL_TYPES`, `MULTI_WORD_SQL_TYPES`, and `PARAMETERIZED_SQL_TYPE`. Supported parameterized types are bounded to integer arity for `CHAR`, `VARCHAR`, `CHARACTER VARYING`, `NUMERIC`, and `DECIMAL`.
+
+Column constraints such as `PRIMARY KEY`, `NOT NULL`, `UNIQUE`, `REFERENCES`, and `CHECK` are intentionally not part of `Column.type`. PostgreSQL documents a column definition as a data type followed by separate column-constraint grammar. Keeping those grammar slots distinct prevents a caller from bypassing the model's dedicated constraint fields.
+
+### Default values
+
+Defaults accept only:
+
+- SQL single-quoted scalar strings, including standard doubled-quote escaping;
+- signed integer or decimal literals;
+- `TRUE`, `FALSE`, and `NULL`;
+- reviewed current-time keywords (`CURRENT_DATE`, `CURRENT_TIME`, `CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`, `LOCALTIME`, `LOCALTIMESTAMP`); and
+- `now()` as the sole reviewed function-form default.
+
+Arbitrary function calls, malformed strings, statement terminators, and other expressions are rejected. If future product requirements need additional PostgreSQL expressions, extend the allow-list test-first rather than broadening it to a generic SQL-token regex.
+
+## Validated-state ownership
+
+`addColumn()` and `addForeignKey()` validate primitive runtime types and SQL/name contracts, then copy accepted fields into model-owned objects. `addTable()`, `getTable()`, and `getTables()` return independent plain-data snapshots. This makes validation stable across the lifetime of a model: mutating a caller-owned input or returned snapshot cannot alter the internal model.
+
+## Verification contract
+
+The ERD regression suite must continue to cover at least:
+
+- legal simple, multi-word, and parameterized PostgreSQL type forms;
+- grammar-smuggling attempts such as `INTEGER PRIMARY KEY`, `TEXT NOT NULL`, `INTEGER UNIQUE`, `INTEGER REFERENCES ...`, and `CHECK` expressions;
+- unknown type names;
+- scalar and reviewed built-in defaults;
+- arbitrary function defaults and malformed quoted strings;
+- malformed runtime field types despite TypeScript declarations;
+- mutation of caller-owned column and foreign-key objects after insertion;
+- independent getter snapshots;
+- quoted DDL for normal and reserved-word identifiers; and
+- multi-table foreign-key DDL.
+
+Repository CI, security scanning, supply-chain checks, exact-head automated review, and independent approval remain separate merge gates. A predecessor-head pass does not prove a later head.
+
+## Failure and rollback
+
+This boundary is fail-closed. A newly requested type or default expression that is not explicitly supported is rejected instead of passed through. If compatibility pressure reveals a legitimate missing PostgreSQL form, add a focused failing regression, extend the smallest relevant allow-list, and rerun the complete exact-head suite.
+
+Rollback of this hardening must not restore free-form type/default concatenation or semicolon-only filtering. If the ERD DDL generator must temporarily lose a capability, prefer disabling unsupported DDL export over accepting unvalidated grammar.
+
+## References (APA 7th)
+
+Open Worldwide Application Security Project. (n.d.). *Input validation cheat sheet*. OWASP Cheat Sheet Series. Retrieved August 7, 2026, from https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Input_Validation_Cheat_Sheet.html
+
+Open Worldwide Application Security Project. (n.d.). *SQL injection prevention cheat sheet*. OWASP Cheat Sheet Series. Retrieved August 7, 2026, from https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/SQL_Injection_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet.html
+
+PostgreSQL Global Development Group. (2026). *CREATE TABLE*. In *PostgreSQL 18 documentation*. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-createtable.html

From 547c238f37d0d439e055940f24ada3debafbfae8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Seongho Bae <me@seonghobae.me>
Date: Fri, 7 Aug 2026 17:17:01 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 12/14] docs(security): correct js-yaml advisory record

---
 .jules/sentinel.md | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.jules/sentinel.md b/.jules/sentinel.md
index 4841b8e2..2b5cfb62 100644
--- a/.jules/sentinel.md
+++ b/.jules/sentinel.md
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 **Learning:** DDL 생성 시 자유 텍스트나 타입 입력이 포함될 때는 반드시 허용 목록(Allowlist) 기반 정규식을 사용해야 하며, 객체 상태를 반환할 때는 캡슐화를 보장하기 위해 깊은 복사(Deep Copy)를 수행해야 검증 우회를 방지할 수 있습니다.
 **Prevention:** 정규식(예: `SAFE_SQL_TYPE`, `SAFE_SQL_DEFAULT_VALUE`)을 도입하여 타입과 기본값을 검증하고, 객체를 반환할 때 `JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(table))`를 사용하여 원본 참조를 숨깁니다.
 
-## 2025-02-18 - [Fix High Severity Vulnerability in js-yaml]
-**Vulnerability:** `js-yaml` 4.3.0 버전에 Quadratic CPU consumption 취약점(CVE-2026-59870, GHSA-5p4m-2wfm-xmqj)이 존재하여, 악의적인 YAML 페이로드 입력 시 DoS 공격에 노출될 수 있었습니다.
+## 2026-07-02 - [Fix High Severity Vulnerability in js-yaml]
+**Vulnerability:** `js-yaml` versions 4.0.0 through versions below 4.3.0 were affected by quadratic CPU consumption in YAML merge-key chains (CVE-2026-59869, GHSA-52cp-r559-cp3m), allowing crafted YAML input to cause denial of service. Version 4.3.0 is patched.
 **Learning:** `pnpm` 환경에서 서드파티 패키지의 하위 의존성에 존재하는 취약점을 수정할 때, 직접적인 `package.json` 업데이트로 해결되지 않는다면 `pnpm.overrides`를 적극 활용하여 전체 프로젝트 수준에서 특정 안전한 버전을 강제할 수 있습니다.
 **Prevention:** `pnpm audit`과 같은 도구를 주기적으로 실행하여 취약점을 점검하고, 루트 `package.json`의 `"pnpm": { "overrides": { ... } }` 구문을 사용해 취약점이 패치된 버전을 고정(pin)합니다.

From aea355e3a5c68f94cc208805683e7e55125c4903 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Seongho Bae <me@seonghobae.me>
Date: Sat, 8 Aug 2026 08:24:06 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 13/14] ci(coverage): remove unrelated pnpm dependency drift

---
 package.json | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 644bf315..70cf24f1 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
       "@babel/core": "7.29.7",
       "esbuild": "0.28.1",
       "hono": "^4.12.34",
-      "js-yaml": "4.3.1",
+      "js-yaml": "^4.3.0",
       "@auth/core": "^0.41.3",
       "sharp": "^0.35.3",
       "postcss": "^8.5.18",

From df63dd4ecfb0eddc20756b636c41a055e2b3010c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Seongho Bae <me@seonghobae.me>
Date: Sat, 8 Aug 2026 08:25:38 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 14/14] ci(coverage): restore trusted base pnpm lock

---
 pnpm-lock.yaml | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index f4f25b1a..d9bb1c0e 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ overrides:
   '@babel/core': 7.29.7
   esbuild: 0.28.1
   hono: ^4.12.34
-  js-yaml: 4.3.1
+  js-yaml: ^4.3.0
   '@auth/core': ^0.41.3
   sharp: ^0.35.3
   postcss: ^8.5.18
@@ -3192,8 +3192,8 @@ packages:
   js-tokens@9.0.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-mxa9E9ITFOt0ban3j6L5MpjwegGz6lBQmM1IJkWeBZGcMxto50+eWdjC/52xDbS2vy0k7vIMK0Fe2wfL9OQSpQ==}
 
-  js-yaml@4.3.1:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-CY6crGq313MX8GkwvB7tzgp99vjQxY1++5y10/BKN/GUfHqWaOGQMNZkBvqSzsZKWk/ijwHlWzzkLulsGHhjWQ==}
+  js-yaml@4.3.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-1td788aAnnZ5qs7V2QIRl1owjtYpbKt749Y3xauqQgwIIGF/xXWz1wMTEBx5O3LK3lXLVuqXPdPxj2BoFHaW9Q==}
     hasBin: true
 
   jsdom@29.1.1:
@@ -5204,7 +5204,7 @@ snapshots:
       globals: 14.0.0
       ignore: 5.3.2
       import-fresh: 3.3.1
-      js-yaml: 4.3.1
+      js-yaml: 4.3.0
       minimatch: 10.2.5
       strip-json-comments: 3.1.1
     transitivePeerDependencies:
@@ -6546,7 +6546,7 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       env-paths: 2.2.1
       import-fresh: 3.3.1
-      js-yaml: 4.3.1
+      js-yaml: 4.3.0
       parse-json: 5.2.0
     optionalDependencies:
       typescript: 5.9.3
@@ -7754,7 +7754,7 @@ snapshots:
 
   js-tokens@9.0.1: {}
 
-  js-yaml@4.3.1:
+  js-yaml@4.3.0:
     dependencies:
       argparse: 2.0.1