diff --git a/fxgl-core/src/main/kotlin/com/almasb/fxgl/particle/ParticleSystem.kt b/fxgl-core/src/main/kotlin/com/almasb/fxgl/particle/ParticleSystem.kt
index 121a49fc2..9b72ac61c 100644
--- a/fxgl-core/src/main/kotlin/com/almasb/fxgl/particle/ParticleSystem.kt
+++ b/fxgl-core/src/main/kotlin/com/almasb/fxgl/particle/ParticleSystem.kt
@@ -35,10 +35,9 @@ class ParticleSystem : Updatable {
     }
 
     override fun onUpdate(tpf: Double) {
-        emitters.forEach { (emitter, p) ->
+        emitters.forEach { (emitter, position) ->
             val particlesList = particles[emitter]!!
-
-            particlesList.addAll(emitter.emit(p.x, p.y))
+            particlesList.addAll(emitter.emit(position.x, position.y))
 
             val iter = particlesList.iterator()
             while (iter.hasNext()) {
@@ -46,9 +45,8 @@ class ParticleSystem : Updatable {
 
                 if (particle.update(tpf)) {
                     iter.remove()
-
                     pane.children.remove(particle.view)
-                    Pools.free(p)
+                    Pools.free(particle)
                 } else {
                     if (particle.view.parent == null)
                         pane.children.add(particle.view)
@@ -56,4 +54,4 @@ class ParticleSystem : Updatable {
             }
         }
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/fxgl-core/src/test/kotlin/com/almasb/fxgl/particle/ParticleSystemTest.kt b/fxgl-core/src/test/kotlin/com/almasb/fxgl/particle/ParticleSystemTest.kt
index 0aed9f7d8..d4f95de67 100644
--- a/fxgl-core/src/test/kotlin/com/almasb/fxgl/particle/ParticleSystemTest.kt
+++ b/fxgl-core/src/test/kotlin/com/almasb/fxgl/particle/ParticleSystemTest.kt
@@ -6,9 +6,11 @@
 
 package com.almasb.fxgl.particle
 
+import com.almasb.fxgl.core.pool.Pools
 import javafx.util.Duration
 import org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.`is`
 import org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
 
 /**
@@ -51,4 +53,48 @@ class ParticleSystemTest {
 
         system.removeParticleEmitter(emitter)
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+
+    /**
+     * Regression test for issue #1417.
+     *
+     * Before the fix, ParticleSystem.onUpdate called Pools.free(p) where `p`
+     * was the emitter's Point2D position (shadowed by the destructured lambda
+     * parameter), not the expired Particle. Because Pools.free is a no-op for
+     * unregistered types, expired Particles were never returned to the pool.
+     *
+     * This test asserts that, after a full spawn/expire cycle, a Particle pool
+     * has been registered in Pools.typePools — confirming that Pools.free was
+     * actually invoked with a Particle instance.
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun `Expired particles are returned to the pool`() {
+        val system = ParticleSystem()
+
+        val emitter = ParticleEmitter()
+        emitter.emissionRate = 1.0
+        emitter.numParticles = 50
+        emitter.maxEmissions = 5
+        emitter.setExpireFunction { Duration.seconds(0.5) }
+
+        system.addParticleEmitter(emitter, 0.0, 0.0)
+
+        // Drive the system long enough that all 5 * 50 = 250 particles spawn and die
+        repeat(10) { system.onUpdate(0.5) }
+
+        // After the run, no live particles should remain in the scene
+        assertThat(system.pane.children.size, `is`(0))
+
+        // Reflectively inspect Pools.typePools to confirm a Particle pool exists.
+        // Pre-fix, the pool stayed empty because Pools.free(Point2D) was a no-op.
+        val typePoolsField = Pools::class.java.getDeclaredField("typePools")
+        typePoolsField.isAccessible = true
+
+        @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+        val typePools = typePoolsField.get(null) as Map<Class<*>, *>
+
+        val particlePool = typePools[Particle::class.java]
+        assertNotNull(particlePool, "Particle pool should exist after free()")
+
+        system.removeParticleEmitter(emitter)
+    }
+}